US History Ch 10

149784998	Andrew Jackson	The seventh President of the United States (1829-1837), who as a general in the War of 1812 defeated the British at New Orleans (1815). As president he opposed the Bank of America, objected to the right of individual states to nullify disagreeable federal laws, and increased the presidential powers.
149784999	Alexis de Tocqueville	He wrote a two-volume Democracy in America that contained insights and pinpointed the general equality among people. He wrote that inequalities were less visible in America than France.
149785000	information revolution	use of new technologies to enable people to have increasingly rapid access to much more information on a global scale
149785001	Albert Gallatin	He was Jefferson's secretary. Jefferson and Gallatin believed that to pay the interest on debt, there would have to be taxes. Taxes would suck money from industrious farmers and put it in the hands of wealthy creditors.
149785002	American System	Program of internal improvements and protective tariffs promoted by Speaker of the House henry clay in his presidential campaign
149785003	Second Bank of the United States	chartered in 1816, much like its predecessor of 1791 but with more capital; it could not forbid state banks from issuing notes, but its size and power enabled it to compel the state banks to issue only sound notes or risk being forced out of business.
149785004	Panic of 1819	Financial collapse brought on by sharply falling cotton prices, declining demand for american exports and reckless western land speculation
149785005	McCulloch v. Maryland	U.S. Supreme Court decision in which Chief Justice John Marshall, holding that maryland could not tax the Second Bank of the US, supported the authority of the federal government versus the states
149785006	James Monroe	He was the fifth President of the United States. He is the author of the Monroe Doctrine. Proclaimed that the Americas should be closed to future European colonization and free from European interference in sovereign countries' affairs. It further stated the United States' intention to stay neutral in European wars
149785007	Era of Good Feelings	a newspaper term used to describe the two terms of President James Monroe. during this period, there was only one major political party, the democratic-republicans; it was therefore assumed that political discord had evaporated.
149785008	James Tallmadge	proposed an amendment to the state hood bill. The amendment said that Missouri could join the Union, but only as a free state
149785009	Missouri Compromise	an agreement in 1820 between pro-slavery and anti-slavery factions in the United States concerning the extension of slavery into new territories
149785010	Monroe Doctrine	American continents would be closed to european colonization and US would not interfere in European affairs
149785011	corrupt bargain	Refers to the presidential election of 1824 in which Henry Clay, the Speaker of the House, convinced the House of Representatives to elect Adams rather than Jackson.
149785012	John Quincy Adams	Secretary of State, He served as sixth president under Monroe. In 1819, he drew up the Adams-Onis Treaty in which Spain gave the United States Florida in exchange for the United States dropping its claims to Texas. The Monroe Doctrine was mostly Adams' work.
149785013	Martin Van Buren	He was the eighth president of the United States who was experienced in legislative and administrative life. He passed the Divorce Bill which placed the federal surplus in vaults located in large cities and denied the backing system.
149785014	Daniel Webster	Famous American politician and orator. he advocated renewal and opposed the financial policy of Jackson. Many of the principles of finance he spoke about were later incorporated in the Federal Reserve System. Would later push for a strong union.
149785015	John C. Calhoun	The 7th Vice President of the United States and a leading Southern politician from South Carolina during the first half of the 19th century. He was an advocate of slavery, states' rights, limited government, and nullification.
149785016	Nullification Crisis	Southerners favored freedom of trade and believed in the authority of states over the federal government. Southerners declared federal protective tariffs null and void.
149785017	Indian Removal	the nineteenth century policy of the government of the US to remove Native American tribes living east of the Mississippi River to lands west of the river
149785018	Cherokee Nation v. Georgia	The Cherokees argued that they were a seperate nation and therefore not under Georgia's jurisdiction. Marshall said they were not, but rather had "special status"
149785019	Nicholas Biddle	He was an American financier who was also president of the Bank of the United States. He was also known for his bribes. He was in charge during the bank war, where Jackson refused to deposit federal funds, which bled the bank dry. He also showed the corruption of the bank.
149785020	Roger B. Taney	Chief Justice of the Supreme Court when Dred Scott decision was made
149785021	Panic of 1837	beginning of major economic depression lasting about six years; toughed off by a british financial crisis and made worse by falling cotton prices, credit and currency problems
149785022	John Tyler	elected Vice President and became the 10th President of the United States when Harrison died 1841-1845, President responsible for annexation of Mexico after receiving mandate from Polk, opposed many parts of the Whig program for economic recovery