AP Biology Chapter 41: Animal Nutrition
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| 143229403 | undernourishment | a diet that is chronically deficient in calories | |
| 143229404 | substrate feeders | An organism that lives in or on its food source, eating its way through the food | |
| 143229405 | deposit feeders | Detritivores, also known as detritus feeders or saprophages, are heterotrophs that obtain nutrients by consuming detritus (decomposing organic matter) | |
| 143229406 | enzymatic hydrolysis | The process in digestion that splits macromolecules from food by the enzymatic addition of water. | |
| 143229407 | intracellular digestion | the breakdown of nutrients within a cell | |
| 143229408 | peristalis | the rhythmic contractions of muscles causing wavelike motions that move food down the GI tract | |
| 143229409 | pancreas | triangular organ behind stomach that produces hormones that regulate blood sugar; produces enzymes that break down carbohydrates, proteins, lipids, and nucleic acids; and produces sodium bicarbonate, a base that neutralizes stomach acid | |
| 143229410 | salivary glands | three pairs of exocrine glands in the mouth that secrete saliva; the parotid, submandibular (submaxillary), and sublingual glands | |
| 143229411 | gallbladder | the organ that stores bile after it is produced by the liver | |
| 143229412 | salivary amylase | an enzyme that hydrolyzes starch and glycogen | |
| 143229413 | pharynx | throat; passageway for food to the esophagus and air to the larynx | |
| 143229414 | epiglottis | a flap of cartilage that covers the windpipe while swallowing | |
| 143229415 | esophagus | a muscular tube that connects the mouth to the stomach | |
| 143229416 | pepsinogen | precursor of pepsin | |
| 143229417 | acid chyme | the result of the gastric juices and the food mixing into a nutrient broth | |
| 143229418 | pyloric sphincter | the sphincter muscle of the pylorus that separates the stomach from the duodenum | |
| 143229419 | small intestine | the longest part of the alimentary canal | |
| 143229420 | duodenum | the first part of the small intestine; between the stomach and the jejunum | |
| 143229421 | jejunum | middle portion of small intestine where chemical digestion ends and absorption begins | |
| 143229422 | liver | organ that makes bile to break down fats; also filters poisons and drugs out of the blood | |
| 143229423 | bile | a digestive juice secreted by the liver and stored in the gallbladder | |
| 143229424 | trypsin | an enzyme in pancreatic juice that breaks down large polypeptides | |
| 143229425 | dipeptidases | enzyme in small intestine that split small peptides | |
| 143229426 | carboxypeptidase | Released by the pancreas into the small intestine, this enzyme hydrolyzes terminal peptide bond at the carboxyl end. | |
| 143229427 | aminopeptidase | Enzyme in small intestine that splits off one amino acid at a time from a polypeptide from the amine end. | |
| 143229428 | enteropeptidase | Enzyme in small intestine that directly or indirectly triggers activation of intestinal lumen enzymes | |
| 143229429 | emulsification | The term for when bile salts from the gallbladder secreted into the duodenum coat tiny fat droplets and keep them from coalescing | |
| 143229430 | lacteal | The small vessel of the lymphatic system that penetrates the core of each villus of the small intestine (absorbs digested fat) | |
| 143229431 | lipase | enzyme that hydrolyzes fat molecules | |
| 143229432 | villi | Tiny finger-shaped structures that cover the inner surface of the small intestine and provide a large surface area through which digested food is absorbed | |
| 143229433 | chylomicrons | fat droplets covered in protein that diffuse into capillaries in small intestine | |
| 143229434 | hepatic portal vessel | capillaries and veins that drain the nutrients away from the villi form the_____________ a blood vessel that goes to the liver | |
| 143229435 | gastrin | polypeptide hormone secreted by the mucous lining of the stomach | |
| 143229436 | enterogastrones | hormones excreted by the duodenum wall that include secretin and cholecytokinin (CCK); signal buffering of chyme by the pancreas w/release of bicarbonate | |
| 143229437 | secretin | A hormone secreted by the small intestine (duodenum) in response to low pH (e.g., from stomach acid). It promotes the release of bicarbonate from the pancreas to act as a buffer. | |
| 143229438 | large intestine | colon; organ that removes water from the undigested materials that pass through it | |
| 143229439 | cecum | a pouch connected to the ascending colon of the large intestine and the ileum. *1st part of large intestine | |
| 143229440 | appendix | A small, fingerlike extension of the vertebrate cecum; contains a mass of white blood cells that contribute to immunity. | |
| 143229441 | ruminant | any of various cud-chewing hoofed mammals having a stomach divided into four (occasionally three) compartments | |
| 143229442 | stomach | large muscular sac that continues the mechanical and chemical digestion of food | |
| 143229443 | A | A deficiency in this vitamin can cause blindness | |
| 143229444 | E | A deficiency in this vitamin effects blood clotting. | |
| 143229445 | B6 | pyridoxine is also known as Vitamin ____ | |
| 143229446 | A D E K | List three of the four fat-soluble vitamins | |
| 143229447 | niacin | This vitamin is found in nuts, meats and grains and is a component of coenzymes NAD+ and NADP+ |