Photosynthesis and Respiration

Photosynthesis and Respiration - AP Bio

256580696	C-4 Photosynthesis	Biochemical and anatomical modifications of C-3 photosynthesis adapted for dry environments.
256580697	Photosynthesis	6CO2 +12H2O = C6H12O6 =6H2O + 6O2, Process by which plants convert solar energy into energy stored in chemical bonds. Consists of 2 sets of reactions, Light dependant and light independent.
256580698	CAM Plants	Crassulacean acid metabolism plants modified for dry environments.
256580699	Kranz Anatomy	Modification that minimizes time stomates must remain open. Bundle sheath cells tightly wrap a vein and are surrounded by mesophyll cells.
256580700	Aerobic Respiration	Occurs in mitochondria, requires the presence of oxygen, Consists of Krebs cycle and Etc Occurs after the anaerobic respiration phase, Produces 36 ATP
256580701	ATP Synthase	A protein complex that sits within the cristae membrane of a mitochondrion, Responsible for producing ATP as protons (H+) flow down a gradient through the channel from the outer compartment to the inner matrix
256580702	Chemiosmosis	a process by which ATP is formed in mitochondria as protons flow down a proton gradient through the ATP synthase complex in the cristae membrane, Known as the Mitchell hypothesis
256580703	Glycolysis	Occurs in the cytoplasm of a cell prior to aerobic respiration, the anaerobic breakdown of glucose into 2 molecules of pyruvate (the raw material for the Krebs cycle), Activation energy is ATP, A multistep anaerobic process that yields $ ATP molecules (Net Gain of 2 ATP) and 2 molecules of NADPH
256580704	Redox Reactions:	Reduction gain of electrons; gain of hydrogen. Oxidation: loss of electrons; loss of hydrogen; cell respiration is an overall oxidative reaction
256580705	Chloroplast:	outer double membrane, stroma-site of dark reactions, Grana- site of light reactions; consists of thylakoid membranes
256580706	Fermentation (Anaerobic Respiration)-	a small amount of energy, begins with glycolysis, converts NADH to NAD+ by transferring electrons
256580707	Antenna Pigments-	Capture wavelengths of light other than those absorbed by chlorophyll a, thus expanding the spectrum of light that can be used to power photosynthesis
256580708	Substrate-level Phosphorylation -	Process that produces a small amount of ATP during glycolysis and the Krebs cycle. During this process, the enzyme kinase transfers a phosphate from a substrate directly to ATP.
256580709	Oxidative Phosphorylation -	The way most ATP is produced during aerobic respiration - chemiosmosis. Produces ATP by using energy derived from the redox reactions of the ETC.
256580710	NAD+ - NADH -	Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide. Carries electrons to the ETC from glycolysis and Krebs cycle. NAD+ = oxidized; NADH = reduced. Each NADH produces 3 ATP during ETC.
256580711	FAD - FADH2 -	Flavin adenine dinucleotide. FADH2 carries electrons to EFC from Krebs cycle, entering at lower energy levels than NADH does. FADH2 = reduced; FAD = oxidized. Each FADH2 produces 2 ATP during ETC.
256580712	Light Independent Reactions	Occur in the Stroma. Do not depend on Light directly. Require the products of the light reactions.
256580713	Cyclic Photo-phosphorylation	Replenishes ATP, no NADPH is formed. Occurs when the Calvin Cycle uses up available ATP. Electrons travel from PSII to PSI and back to PSII.
256580714	Noncyclic Photo-phosphorylation	Process begins at PSII and continues to PSI. Electrons supplied by photolysis enter two ETC's and ATP and NADPH are formed. NADP bonds to the H+ that diffused through the ATP- Synthetase channel across the thylakoid membrane.
256580715	Photosystems (PS)	Light- Harvesting complexes located in the grana. Consists of a reaction center containing chlorophyll a plus antenna pigments. Two photosystems: PSI and PSII. PSI activates before PSI.
256580716	Calvin Cycle	Carbon fixation. Produces PGAL (G3P), a three carbon sugar. Occurs in the stoma. Co2 combines with RuBP (5-carbon molecule) to produce 2 3 carbon molecules; hence C3 plants. Catalyzed be Rubisco (RuBP carboxylase) uses large amounts of ATP.
256580717	Photorespiration	dead end process that diverts energy from photosynthesis. No Atp is produced/ No sugar is produced. Occurs when Rubisco binds to O2 instead of CO2 because Rubisco has a greater affinity for O2 than CO2.
256580718	Krebs cycle	Part of aerobic respiration. Raw material = acetyl coA (coenzyme A combined with Pyruvate). Each turn of the cycle produce 3 NADH, 1 FADH2, and 1 ATP. Occurs in the mitochondrial inner matrix. Also known as citric acid cycle. Produced ATP by substrate level phosphorylation. CO2 is a waist product.
256580719	Electron Transport Chain (ETC)	Energy coupling reaction that creates H+ gradient in the cristae membrane necessary for chemiosmosis. Electrons flow down the chain from one carrier molecule to the next in a series of redox reactions. Energy released from the exergonic flow of electrons in used to pump protons across the cristae membrane to create a proton gradient. The final hydrogen (H+) acceptor in the chain is oxygen H2+1/2O=H2O. Water is a waste product and is exhaled.
256580720	Photosynthetic Pigments	Absorb light energy to provide energy for photosynthesis. Chlorophyll a and b = green. Carentoid and xanthophyll = yellow, orange, red. Phycobillins = red. A pigment absorbs all colors that it does not reflect.
256580721	ATP (Adenosine Triphosphate)	3 phosphates, used as source of immediate energy.
256580722	Mitochondrion Parts	Outer compartment = where ETC pumps protons, Inner matrix = site of Krebs cycle, Cristae membrane = site of electron transport chain and ATP synthase complex
256580723	Light-dependent reactions	Light is absorbed by PS II and PS I in the thylakoid membranes. ATP is produced, photolysis provides electrons, NADP carries H2 to the dark reactions.
256580724	Hatch-Slack Pathway	A biochemical pathway that precedes the Calvin Cycle and pumps CO2 into the bundle sheath cells deep within the leaf.
256580725	Cytochromes	Proteins that help make up the ETC. Similar in structure to hemoglobin but transport electrons.