AP Psych chp5

250948070	Learning	the process by which experience or practice results in a relatively permanent change in behavior or potential behavior
250948071	Conditioning	the acquisition of specific patterns of behavior in the presence of well-defined stimuli
250948072	Classical or Pavlovian Conditioning	type of learning in which a response naturally elicited by one stimulus comes to be elicited by a different, neutral stimulus
250948073	Operant or Instrumental Conditioning	type of learning in which behaviors are emitted ( in the presence of specific stimuli ) to earn rewards to avoid punishments
250948074	Unconditioned Stimulus (US)	stimulus that invariably causes an organism to respond in a specific way
250948075	Unconditioned Response ( UR)	response that takes place in an organism whenever an unconditioned stimulus occurs
250948076	Conditioned Stimulus	originally neutral stimulus that is paired with an unconditioned stimulus and eventually produces the desired response in an organism when presented alone
250948077	Conditioned Response	after conditioning, the response an organism produces when only a conditioned stimulus is presented
250948078	Desensitization Theory	conditioning technique designed to gradually reduce anxiety about a particular object or situation
250948079	Taste Aversion	conditioned avoidance of poisonous food
250951875	Operant Behavior	behavior designed to operate on the environment in a way that will gain something desired or avoid something unpleasant
250951876	Reinforcer	a stimulus that follows a behavior and increases that likelihood that the behavior will be repeated
250951877	Punisher	a stimulus that follows a behavior and decreases the likelihood that the behavior will be repeated
250951878	Law of Effect	thorndike's theory that behavior consistently rewarded will be "stamped in" as learned behavior
250951879	Positive Reinforcer	any event whose presence increases the likelihood that ongoing behavior will recur
250956848	Negative Reinforcer	any event whose reduction or termination increases the likelihood that ongoing behavior will recur
250956849	Punishment	any event whose presence decreases the likelihood that ongoing behavior will recur
250956850	Avoidance Training	learning a desirable behavior to prevent an unpleasant condition such as punishment from occurring
250956851	Learned Helplessness	failure to take steps to avoid or escape from an unpleasant or aversive stimulus that occurs as a result of previous exposure to unavoidable painful stimuli
250956852	Response Acquisition	"building phase" of the conditioning during which the likelihood or strength of the desired response increases
250961037	Intermittent Pairing	pairing the conditioned stimulus and the unconditioned stimulus in only a portion of the learning trials
250961038	Skinner Box	box that is often used in operant conditioning of animals. It limits the available responses and thus increases the likelihood that the desired response will occur
250961039	Shaping	reinforcing successive approximations of a desired behavior
250961040	Extinction	decrease in the strength of a learned response due to failure to continue pairing the US and CS ( classical) or the withholding of reinforcement ( operant conditiong)
250961041	Spontaneous Recovery	the reappearance of an extinguished response aftrer the passage of time
250964902	Stimulus Generalization	transfer of a learned response to different but similar stimuli
250964903	Stimulus Discrimination	learning to respond to only one stimulus and to inhibit the response to all other stimuli
250964904	Response Generalization	giving a response that is somewhat different from the response orginally learned to that stimulus
250964905	Higher-order Conditiong	conditioning based on previous learning; the conditioned stimulus serves as an unconditioned stimulus for further training
250964906	Primary Reinforcer	reinforcer that is rewarding in itself, such as food, water, and sex
250970223	Secondary Reinforcer	reinforcer whose value is learned through association with other primary or secondary reinforcers
250970224	Contingency	a reliable "if-then" relationship between two events such as a CS and US
250970225	Blocking	prior conditiong prevents conditioning to a second stimulus even when the two stimuli are presented simultaneously
250970226	Schedule of Reinforcement	in partial reinforcement, the rule for determining when and how often reinforcers will be delivered
250970227	Fixed-Interval Schedule	reinforcement schedule that calls for a reinforcement of a correct response after a fixed length of time
250974728	Variable-Interval Schedule	reinforcement schedule in which a correct response is reinforced after varying lengths of time after the last reinforcement
250974729	Fixed-ratio Schedule	reinforcement schedule in which the correct response is reinforced after a fixed number of a correct responses
250974730	Variable-ratio Schedule	reinforcement schedule in which a varying number of correct responses must occur before reinforcement is presented
250974731	Biofeedback	a technique that uses monitoring devices to give info. about internal physiological processes, such as heart rate or blood pressure, to teach people voluntary control
250974732	Cognitive Learning	learning that depends on mental processes that are not directly observable
250981276	Latent Learning	learning that is not immediately reflected in a behavior change
250981277	Cognitive Map	a learned mental image of a spatial environment that may be called on to solve problems when stimuli in the environment change
250981278	Insight	learning that occurs rapidly as a result of understanding all the elements of a problem
250981279	Learning Set	ability to become increasingly more effective in solving problems as more problems are solved
250981280	Social Learning Theory	view of learning that emphasizes the ability to learn by observing a model or receiving instructions, without firsthand experience by the learner
250981281	Observational Learning	learning by observing other people's behavior
250981282	Vicarious reinforcement/ punishment	performance of behaviors learned through observation that is modified by watching others who are reinforced or punished for their behavior