Genetics Essentials Pierce Chapter 1-5
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| 312087502 | What is preformationism? | Belief that egg or sperm contains a tiny human called a homunculus | |
| 312087503 | What is pangenesis? | Belief that "humours" are drawn from all over the body into the gametes | |
| 312087504 | What is the germ plasm theory? | States that cells in the reproductive organs carry the complete set of genetic information that is passed to the egg or sperm | |
| 312087505 | What are the key components of a chromosome? | telomeres and centromere | |
| 312087506 | What is a locus? | Position on a chromosome where a specific gene is located | |
| 312087507 | What is dosage compensation? | A mechanism which inactivates all but one X chromosome in mammals | |
| 312087508 | What is an example of a lethal allele? | The yellow coat allele in mice | |
| 312087509 | What is epistasis? | A phenomenon when the genotype of one gene can mask the effects of a separate gene | |
| 312087510 | Why can't linked genes assort independently? | Because they are close together on the same chromosome | |
| 312087512 | Eukaryotic chromosomes are tightly packaged with what protein? | histones | |
| 312087513 | What is Turner syndrome? | genetically 45, X and phenotypically female with webbed neck, short, sterile. | |
| 312087514 | What is the ploidy of the oogonium? | diploid (2n) | |
| 312087515 | What is the ploidy of the primary oocyte? | 2n | |
| 312087516 | What is the ploidy of the secondary oocyte? | 1n | |
| 312087517 | What is the ploidy of the first and second polar bodies? | 1n | |
| 312087518 | What are the "pseudoautosomal regions"? | the areas on the X and Y chromosomes that can synapse during meiosis | |
| 312087519 | What is the ploidy of the spermatogonium? | 2n | |
| 312087520 | What is the ploidy of the primary spermatocyte? | 2n | |
| 312087521 | What is the ploidy of the secondary spermatocyte? | 1n | |
| 312087522 | What is the ploidy of the spermatid? | 1n | |
| 312087523 | According to "Albinism among the Hopis," what causes albinism? | a defect in an enzyme required to make melanin, which darkens the skin and hair. | |
| 312087524 | According to "Albinism among the Hopis," is albinism in the Hopi tribe inherited as a dominant or recessive trait? | (autosomal) recessive | |
| 312087525 | What year did Mendel publish "Experiments in Plant Hybrids"? | 1866 | |
| 312087526 | What year did Darwin publish "On the Origin of Species"? | 1859 | |
| 312087527 | Sutton and Boveri described the behavior of chromosomes during cell division and laid the basis for what theory? | chromosomal theory of inheritance | |
| 312087528 | In the vignette "Blind Man's Riddle," the separation of pairs of socks is used as an analogy for what kind of cell division? | mitosis (cell cycle) | |
| 312087529 | What three critical events occur in meiosis but not mitosis? | crossing over (prophase I), segregation (anaphase I), and independent assortment (metaphase I) | |
| 312087530 | Unequal segregation of cytoplasm during oogenesis leads to the formation of what? | polar bodies (and one large egg) | |
| 312087531 | According to the vignette "The Genetics of Red Hair," what determines hair color? | amounts of melanin, eumelanin, and pheomelanin | |
| 312087532 | What are some of the reasons that Mendel was successful? | Choose a good model organism (easy to breed, cheap, lots of offspring etc.), kept his experiments simple, kept quantitative records, chose unlinked traits | |
| 312087533 | What does Mendel's first law state? | Law of Segregation - a heterozygous individual will form gametes such that one half of the gametes carry the dominant allele, the other half carry the recessive allele. The diploid state is restored by fertilization. | |
| 312087534 | What is a testcross? | Cross between an individual with dominant phenotype and one with a homozygous recessive genotype. Usually used to reveal the genotype of the dominant parent. | |
| 312087535 | True or False: The rule for transmission of a dominant allele in a pedigree is that each affected child must have at least one affected parent. | True | |
| 312087536 | In the vignette "Cuenot's Odd Yellow Mice," why was Cuenot unable to obtain homozygous yellow mice? | The yellow allele is lethal when homozygous | |
| 312087537 | In the vignette "Cuenot's Odd Yellow Mice," what was the actual ratio of yellow to non-yellow mice observed among the live-born progeny of a monohybrid cross? | 2 yellow (heterozygous): 1 non-yellow | |
| 312087538 | How is sex determined in Drosophila? | Based on a ratio of the number of X chromosomes divided by the ploidy (number of autosomal sets). A ratio of 1.0 or higher is female, a ratio of 0.5 or less is male, and anything in between is "intersex" | |
| 312087539 | Is a fly with XXXY and two sets of autosomes male or female? | female (ratio is 3/2) | |
| 312087540 | Give an example of a sex-limited trait | Autosomal dominant precocious puberty | |
| 312087541 | Give an example of a sex influenced trait | male pattern baldness | |
| 312087542 | What are 2 contributions of fruit flies to the field of genetics? | Mutation research, chromosome variation and behavior, population genetics, genetic control of embryonic pattern formation, behavioral genetics, concepts of gene linkage, etc. | |
| 312087543 | What are non-sex chromosomes called? | autosomes | |
| 312087544 | True or False: somatic cells contain only autosomes, while sex-cells (gametes) contain only sex chromosomes. | False. Every set of chromosomes includes autosomes and one sex chromosome. Somatic cells have two sets, sex-cells have one. | |
| 312087545 | What is penetrance? | % of individuals having a certain genotype that express the expected phenotype | |
| 312087546 | Why is color blindness more common in men? | It is caused by an X-linked gene | |
| 312087547 | What is incomplete dominance? | The case when a heterozygote has a phenotype intermediate between the two homozygous parents | |
| 312087548 | When does crossing over take place? | Prophase I | |
| 312087549 | What is the concept of the "inheritance of acquired characteristics"? | states that characteristics acquired during your lifetime can be passed to offspring | |
| 312087550 | What is the phenotypic ratio of a dihybrid cross? | 9:3:3:1 | |
| 312087551 | What is a monohybrid cross? | A cross between two individuals, both heterozygous for one gene | |
| 312087552 | What is the benefit of melanin? | protects against the harmful effects of sunlight | |
| 312087553 | Who is the founder (or father) of modern genetics? | Gregor Mendel | |
| 312087554 | What is the molecule that holds two sister chromatids together? | cohesin | |
| 312087555 | What are the phases of meiosis? | pro I, meta I, ana I, telo I, pro II, meta II, ana II, telo II (and you better know what events happen in each!) | |
| 312087556 | What are the phases of mitosis? | prophase, metaphase, anaphase, telophase | |
| 312087557 | What is the difference between the products of mitosis and meiosis? | Mitosis makes clones, meiosis makes haploid cells (not genetically identical) | |
| 312087558 | What's the difference between "monoploid" and "haploid" | Monoploid refers to a cell with one set of chromosomes. Haploid is a cell with half the normal number of sets. | |
| 312087559 | How are "gene" and "allele" different? | Gene is a more general term for any DNA that controls expression of a trait, while allele refers to a specific version of the gene that controls the trait. | |
| 312087560 | What is a homologous pair | Two chromosomes of the same type, containing copies of the same genes laid out in the same order. | |
| 312087562 | Outline the relations between genes, DNA, and chromosomes. | Genes are composed of DNA nucleotide sequence and are located at specific positions in chromosomes. | |
| 312087563 | List 3 fundamental events that must take place in cell reproduction | The Cells genetic information must be copied The 2 copies of the genetic information must be separated from one another The cell must divide. | |
| 312087564 | State and explain the law of segregation and its importance | Organisms possess 2 alleles for any particular characteristic. The alleles separate in the formation of gametes. One allele goes into each gamete. | |
| 312087565 | State the law of independent assortment | Alleles at different loci segregate independently of one another. In other words when these 2 alleles separate, their separation is independent of the separation of alleles at other loci. | |
| 312087566 | Synapsis of homologous chromosome takes place during which meiotic phase? | Prophase 1 | |
| 312087567 | Males cannot be homozygous or heterozygous but instead are _______ for x linked loci. | Hemizygous | |
| 312087568 | Define complete dominance | Complete dominance-heterozygote expresses the same phenotype as that of one of the homozygote | |
| 312087569 | Define incomplete dominance | Incomplete dominance-heterozygote has a phenotype that is intermediate between the 2 homozygotes. | |
| 312087570 | Define co-dominance | Co-dominance-heterozygote has a phenotype that simultaneously expresses the phenotype of both homozygotes. | |
| 312087571 | What is Klinefelter syndrome | 47, XXY typically. Feminized breasts, small penis, infertile, but male phenotype overall. | |
| 312087572 | What is linkage? | The case where 2 genes are close together on the same chromosome, such that they do not assort independently in meiosis. | |
| 312087573 | What is the rule for dominant transmission in a pedigree? | Every affected person must have an affected parent. | |
| 312087574 | What is androgen insensitivity? | An XY person's cells do not respond to released male hormones, thus the body takes the default female development. No internal sex organs. | |
| 312087575 | How is the principle of segregation related to the principle of independent assortment? | Ind. Asst. is simply the independent segregation of two unlinked genes during meiosis. | |
| 312087576 | What pattern of inheritance is typical in a pedigree for an X-linked trait? | Only males have the trait, females are carriers | |
| 312087577 | Joe has hemophilia, an X-linked recessive disorder. Could Joe have inherited this disease from his father's mother? | No, his father's mother passed an X-chromosome to his father, but his father passed a Y-chromosome to Joe. | |
| 312087578 | Joe has hemophilia, an X-linked recessive disorder. Could Joe have inherited this disease from his mother's father? | Yes, but his mother's father would have to also have hemophilia, and then his mother would probably be carrier. | |
| 312087580 | In humans, _______ triggers male development. | Y-chromosome (SRY gene) | |
| 312087581 | What is spermatogenesis? | Production of sperm in male animals (meiosis leading to sperm production) | |
| 312087582 | What is oogenesis? | Production of eggs in female animals. | |
| 312087583 | Give an example of epistasis. | The Bombay phenotype. A parent with AB blood has a child with type O blood, for example. Due to the presence of a second gene for blood type (H), which when homozygous recessive prevents expression of the ABO phenotype. | |
| 312087584 | If the diploid number of species is 10, how many chromosomes would be counted in a cell in mitotic metaphase? | 10 | |
| 312087585 | If the diploid number of species is 10, how many chromosomes would be counted in a cell in telophase I of meiosis? | 5 | |
| 312087586 | If the diploid number of species is 10, how many chromosomes would be counted in a cell in anaphase I of meiosis? | 10 | |
| 312087587 | If the diploid number of species is 10, how many chromosomes would be counted in a cell in anaphase II of meiosis? | 10 | |
| 312087588 | What is imprinting? | The inactivation of certain developmental genes on the chromosomes during spermatogenesis and oogenesis, such that only the fusion between an egg and sperm will produce a viable embryo. | |
| 312087589 | If the diploid number of species is 10, how many chromosomes would be counted in a cell in mitotic anaphase? | 20 |