Bacteria and Archaea

28925605	Halobacterium	single cell prokaryote in domain, in saline environments such as the Dead Sea or salt flats
28925606	bacteriorhodopsin	uses light energy to drive ATP synthesis
28925607	pepidoglycan	network of modified-sugar polymers crosslinked by short polypeptides
28925608	Gram stain	stain used to distinguish bacteria by structural difference in cell wall
28925609	Gram-positive	bacteria have simpler walls with a relatively large amount of peptidoglycan
28925859	Gram-negative	bacteria has less peptidoglycan and are structurally more complex, with an outer membrane that contains lipopolysaccharides
28925860	capsule	sticky layer of polysaccaride or protein
28925861	fimbriae	hair-like protein appendages
28925862	sex pili	appendages that pull 2 cells together prior to DNA transfer from one cell to the other
28925863	flagella	structure that aids movement
28925864	taxis	movement towards or away from a stimulus
28925865	nucleoid region	region of cytoplasm that appears lighter than the surrounding cytoplasm in electron micrograph
28925866	plasmid	small rings of separately replicating DNA
28925867	endospore	resistant cell created to withstand severe environments
28925868	transformation	genotype and phenotype altered by uptake of foregin DNA from its surroundings
28925869	transduction	process of transfering genetic material from one cell to another by a plasmid or bacteriophage
28926159	conjugation	genetic material is transferred b/w 2 bacterial cells (same or different species) that are temporarily joined
28926160	F factor	a piece of DNA that confers the ability form a sex pili
28926161	F plasmid	The plasmid form of the F factor.
28926162	R plasmid	a type of plasmid that contains a gene for antibiotic resistance
28926163	obligate aerobes	Require 02 (oxygen) for cellular respiration
28926164	obligate anaerobes	cannot live in environments with oxygen
28926165	anaerobic respiration	substances other than O2 (NO3- nitrate ion or , SO4 2- sulfate ion) accept electrons at the downhill end of electron transport chains
28926552	facultative anaerobes	Will use 02 if present but will also grow by fermentation in an anaerobic environment.
28926553	nitrogen fixation	process of converting nitrogen gas (N2) into ammonia (NH3)
28926554	heterocytes	carrys out only nitrogen fixation
28926555	biofilms	a surface coating colony of prokaryotic that engage in metabolic cooperation
28926556	extremophiles	"extreme lovers" organisms that can survive in extreme environments, includes halophiles and thermophiles
28926681	extreme halophiles	"Salt lovers" Live in high concentration of salts like Dead Sea
28926682	extreme thermophiles	"heat lovers" Microorganisms that thrive in hot environments (often 60-80 degrees C).
28926683	methanogens	group of archaea that are capable of producing methane from the decomposition of organic material (CO2 to oxidize H2, realese methane as waste)
28926684	decomposers	break down wastes and remains of other organisms
28926685	symbiosis	"living together" A close relationship between two species where at least one benefits
28926917	host	larger organism in a symbiosis relationship
28926918	symbiont	smaller organism in a symbiosis relationship
28926919	mutualism	ecological interaction b/w 2 species in which both benefit
28926920	commensalism	a close relationship; one species benefits, the other doesn't benefit but isn't harmed
28926921	parasitism	a close relationship; one species benefits, the other is harmed
28926922	parasite	An organism that takes nourishment from and exists at the expense of its host
28926923	pathogen	parasite that cause disease
28926924	exotoxins	are proteins secreted by organisms into the environment that damages host cells.
28926925	endotoxins	lipopolysaccharide components of the outer membrane of gram-negative bacteria, release only when bacteria dies and cell wall breaks down
28926926	bioremediation	the use of bacteria to change pollutants into harmless chemicals