AP Psych Chapter 1

205705341	hindsight bias	tendency to believe after learning an outcome, that one would have foreseen it
205705342	critical thinking	thinking that does not blindly accept arguments and conclusions, discerns hidden values, evaluates evidence, and asses conclusions
205705343	theory	an explanation using an integrated set of principles that organizes observations and predicts behaviors or events
205705344	hypothesis	a testable prediction, often implied by a theory
205705345	operational definition	a statement of the procedures (operations used to define research variables)
205705346	replication	repeating the essence of a research study, usually with different participants in different situation, to see whether the basic finding extends to other participants and circumstances
205705347	case study	an observation technique in which 1 person is studied in depth in the hope of revealing universal principles
205705348	clinical research	research in the form of case studies
205705349	survey	a technique for ascertaining the self-reported attitudes or behaviors of people, usually by questioning a representative, random sample of them
205705350	false consensus effect	the tendency to overestimate the extent to which others share our beliefs and behaviors
205705351	social desirability bias	a bias that prompts individuals to present themselves in ways that are likely to be seen as positive by the majority of other people
205705352	population	all the cases in a group, from which samples may be drawn for a study (national studies do NOT refer to whole populations)
205705353	random sample	a sample that fairly represents a population because each member has an equal chance of inclusion
205705354	stratified sample	subgroups in the population are represented proportionally in the sample
205705355	naturalistic observation	observing and recording behavior in naturally occuring situations without trying to manipulate and control the situation
205705356	correlation	a measure of the extent to which 2 factors vary together and this of how well either factor predicts the other
205705357	scatterplot	a graphed cluster of dots, each of which represents the values of two variables.
205705358	correlation coefficient	math expression of the relationship, ranging from -1 to +1
205705359	r value	correlation coefficient; it is a quantitative measure of correlation between 2 variables (values range from -1.0 to +1.0)
205705360	line of best fit/regression line	The slope of the points suggests the direction of the relationship between the 2 variables. The amount of scatter suggests the strength of the correlation (little scatter = high correlation)
205705361	illusory correlation	the perception of a relationship where none exists
205705362	experiment	a research method in which an investigator manipulates 1 or more factors (independent variable) to observe the effect on some behavior/mental process (dependent variable) (aims to control other relevant factors)
205705363	double-blind procedure	an experiment procedure in which both research participant and research staff are ignorant (blind) about whether the research participants have received the treatment of a placebo
205705364	placebo effect	experimental results caused by expectations alone; any effect on behavior cause by the administration of an inert substance of condition, which is assumed to be an active agent
205705365	Hawthorne effect	the effect on the behavior of individuals knowing that they are being observed or are taking part in research (we perform better)
205705366	experimental condition	the condition of an experiment that exposes participants to the treatment, that is, to 1 version of the independent variable
205705367	control condition	the condition of an experiment that contrasts with the experiment condition and serves as a comparison for evaluating the effect of the treatment
205705368	random assignment	assigning participants to experiment and control condition by chance, and minimizing preexisting differences between those assigned to the different groups
205705369	independent variable	the experimental factor that is manipulated; the variable whose effect is being studied
205705370	dependent variable	the outcome factor; the variable that may in response to manipulations of the independent variable
205705371	confounding variable	outside variables that could affect the results
205705372	measures of central tendency	a single score that represents a whole set of scores
205705373	mode	the most frequently occurring score(s) in a distribution
205705374	mean	the arithmetic average of a distribution, obtained by adding the scores and then divide by the number of scores
205705375	median	the middle score in a distribution; half the scores are above it and half are below it
205705376	measures of variation	amount of variation in the data (how similar or diverse the scores are)
205705377	range	the difference between the highest and lowest scores in a distribution
205705378	standard deviation	a computed measure of how much scores vary around the mean score
205705379	z score	the number of standard deviations a score is above (or below if negative) the mean of its distribution
205705380	statistical significance	a statistical statement of how likely it is that an obtained result occurred by change
205705381	t-test	A group of statistics used to determine if a significant difference exists between the means of two sets of data.
205705382	p value	probability; p is a number between .0 and 1
205705383	type 1 error	(False Positive or Alpha Error) this happens when the Null Hypothesis is rejected, even if it's true
205705384	type 2 error	(False Negative or Beta Error) this happens when the Null Hypothesis is accepted when it should be rejected
205705385	frequency histogram	a graphic that displays how many measures fall into different categories; place items in a range; divide into class intervals; have no fewer than 5 and no more than 20
205705386	Mamie Phipps Clark	studied the effects of segregation and racism on the self-esteem of black children. Her work with her husband was used in testimony in the case of Brown V. The Board of Education
205705387	Kenneth B. Clark	psychologists who studied segregation, his work with his wife was used in testimony in the case of Brown V. The Board of Education
205705388	informed consent	participants must know they are involved in research and give their consent
205705389	descriptive statistics	organize data so that we can communicate about the data
205705390	inferential statistics	used to interpret data and draw conclusions; tell psychologists whether or not they can generalize from a chosen sample to the whole population; if the sample actually represents the population
205705392	Coercion	the process of attempting to influence another person
205705394	debriefing	the post experimental explanation of a study, including its purpose and any deceptions, to its participants
205705395	generalizability	refers to what degree the results of a study can be applied to different types of populations
205705396	null hypothesis	a statement that is the opposite of your hypothesis