Biochemistry Complete

191919609	ionic bond	bond resulting from a transfer of electrons (electrons being ripped off)
191919610	covalent bond	bond resulting from the sharing of electrons
191919611	nonpolar	electrons shared equally
191919612	polar covalent bond	bond resulting from electrons shared unequally
191919613	buffer	substance that resists changes in pH
191919614	bicarbonate ion	most important buffer in human blood
191919615	isomer	organic compounds with the same molecular formula but different structure
191919616	monosaccharide	C6H12O6 simple sugar; glucose, galactose, and fructose
191919617	disaccharide	two monosaccharides joined together; C12H22O1; maltose, lactose, and sucrose
191919618	dehydration synthesis	condensation; joining compounds together with water released
191919619	hydrolysis	breakdown of a compound by adding water
191919620	polysaccharide	polymers of carbohydrates ("many" sugars)
191919621	cellulose	structural polysaccharide that makes up plant cell walls
191919622	starch	storage polysaccharide found in plants
191919623	amylose	simplest storage polysaccharide form of starch
191919624	amylopectin	more complex storage polysaccharide form of starch
191919625	chitin	structural polysaccharide found in animals; makes up the exoskeleton in arthropods
191919626	glycogen	storage polysaccharide animal starch that in humans is stored in the liver and the skeletal muscle
191919627	glycerol	alcohol portion of a lipid
191919628	fatty acid	hydrocarbon chain with a carboxyl group at one end; attaches to glycerol
191919629	saturated fat	fat without double bonds
191919630	unsaturated fat	fat with double bonds
191919631	steroid	lipid with a four fused ring structure; cholesterol and testosterone
191919632	peptide bond	bond creating amino acid chains or polymers (bond between amino acids)
191919633	conformation	protein's unique shape that determines its function
191919634	primary structure	linear sequence of amino acids; peptide bonds
191919635	secondary structure	protein formed with hydrogen bonds
191919636	tertiary structure	3D conformation formed; determines specificity, due to hydrogen bonds, disulfide bridges, hydrophobic interactions and ionic bonds
191919637	quaternary structure	protein with more than one polypeptide chain
191919638	alpha helix	secondary structure form of a protein; human hair (keratin)
191919639	beta pleated sheet	secondary structure form of a protein; spider webs and silk
191919640	heme group	one of four polypeptide chains in the quaternary structure of hemoglobin
191919641	protein folding problem	how proteins form their unique shapes
191919642	functional group	components of organic molecules most often involved in chemical reactions
191919643	metabolism	sum of all chemical reactions that take place in cell
191919644	enzyme	catalytic protein that lowers a reaction's energy of activation
191919645	induced fit model	enzyme model where the substrate induces the enzyme to alter its shape slightly so it fits better
191919646	cofactor	inorganic enzyme assist
191919647	coenzyme	organic enzyme assist (vitamins)
191919648	competitive inhibition	compounds that look like the normal substrate compete for the same active site on the enzyme
191919649	noncompetitive inhibition	more than one active site and the substrates do not look like each other
191919650	allosteric inhibition	two active sites, one for a substrate and one for an inhibitor
191919651	feedback inhibition	metabolic pathway is switched off by the end product; allosteric inhibition
191919652	cooperativity	substrate stimulating an enzyme with quaternary structure to be more effective
191919653	cohesion	like molecules sticking together
191919654	alkaline	synonym for basic
191919655	salt	compound that releases ion other than H+ or OH- when dissolved in water
191919656	chemical equilibrium	when the reaction rate is about the same in either direction
191919657	polymer	long molecule consisting of many similar or identical monomers linked together
191919658	monomer	building block for polymers; only made by producers
191919659	adhesion	attraction between different kinds of molecules
191919660	surface tension	measure of how difficult it is to stretch or break the surface of a liquid
191919661	van der Waals interactions	tertiary structure; weak attractions between molecules or parts of molecules that result from localized charge fluctuations
191919662	evaporative cooling	property of a liquid where the surface becomes cooler during evaporation due to the loss of molecules
191919663	hydration shell	sphere of water molecules around each dissolved ion
191919664	disulfide bridge	tertiary structure; strong covalent bond formed when one sulfur of one cysteine monomer bonds to the sulfur of another
191919665	hydrophobic interaction	tertiary structure; weak chemical bond formed when molecules that do not mix with water change to exclude the water
191919666	hydrocarbon	organic molecule consisting of only hydrogen and carbon
191919667	macromolecule	giant molecule formed by the joining of smaller molecules
191919668	glycosodic linkage	covalent bond formed between two monosaccharides by a dehydration synthesis reaction
191919669	triose	three carbon sugar
191919670	pentose	five carbon sugar
191919671	hexose	six carbon sugar
191919672	hydroxyl	hydrogen bonded to oxygen bonded to an organic molecule's carbon skeleton; alcohol; polar
191919673	carboxyl	oxygen double bonded to a carbon atom that is bonded to a hydroxyl group
191919674	amine	nitrogen bonded to two hydrogens and to the carbon skeleton
191919675	phosphate	phosphorous bonded to four oxygens, two have negative charges, one is bonded to the carbon skeleton; phospholipid
191919676	isotope	atoms with same number of protons but different number of neutrons
191919677	hydrogen bond	weak bond between hydrogen and a highly electronegative atom like nitrogen or oxygen
191919678	acid	more H+ than OH- ions, pH below 7
191919679	base	more OH- than H+ ions, pH above 7
191919680	pH	measure of H+ ions in a solution
191919681	triglyceride	glycerol plus 3 fatty acids
191919682	phospholipid	has a hydrophilic head and hydrophobic tail, major component of cell membrane
191919683	LDL	low density lipoprotein, "bad cholesterol"
191919684	HDL	high density lipoprotein, "good cholesterol"
191919685	amino acid	contain carboxyl group (COOH) and amino group (NH2) and side chain R.... make up proteins
191919686	chaperonin	a protein that assists in the proper folding of a polypeptide into a protein