AP Bio - Plants

236111117	Auxin - R	a plant hormone that promotes root formation and bud growth
236111118	Gibberillins - R	a naturally occurring plant hormone that causes dramatic cell elongation and helps break dormancy in seeds
236111119	Ethylene - R	hormone that promotes leaf abscission and fruit ripening
236129901	Roots - M	portions of the plant that are below the ground
236129902	shoots - M	portions of the plant that are above the ground
236129903	Ground tissue - M	tissue found between the dermal and vascular systems.
236129904	collenchyma cells - M	live cells that provide flexible and mechanical support - often found in stems and leaves
236129905	parenchyma cells - M	cells that have many functions in ground tissue and are the most prominent of the ground tissue
236129906	mesophyll cells - M	parenchyma cells that are found in the leaves of plants and allow CO2 and O2 to diffuse through intercellular spaces
236129907	sclerenchyma cells - M	cells that protect seeds and support the plant
236129908	vascular tissue - M/N	one of the three types of plant tissue, consists of the xylem and phloem
236129909	xylem - M/N	supports the plant and provides transport of water and minerals from the soil. These cells are dead
236129910	vessel elements - M/N	xylem cells that carry water more efficiently because of their structure
236129911	tracheid cells - M/N	xylem cells that carry water, but not efficiently
236129912	phloem - M/N	plant structure that carry sugars throughout the plant
236129913	sieve-tube members -M/N	mature phloem cells (and are alive)
236460779	Dermal tissue -M	tissue the provides the protective outer coating for plants
236460780	guard cells-M	cells the control the opening and closing of stomata
236460781	stomata-M	pores on the leaves of plants that allow CO2 to come in and allow water and O2 to leave
236460782	Roots -M/N	part of the plant that absorb minerals and water in the soil
236460783	root hairs - M	tiny hair-like extensions that increase the surface area of the root allowing it to absorbs more water and nurtients
236460784	dicot - M	angiosperm with two cotyledons inside its seed, flower parts in multiples of four or five, and vascular bundles in rings
236460785	monocot - M	angiosperm whose seeds have one cotyledon
236460786	taproot - M	roots that are one thick root with very little division into small branches
236460787	fibrous root - M	roots that have shallow entry into the ground and provide a strong anchor
236460788	endodermis - M	a cylinder of cells that form the casparian strip, which water proofs the plant and keeps water loss at a minimum
236460789	casparian strip - M	cylinder of cells in the endodermis that controls water loss
236460790	Vascular cylinder - M	made from pericycle
241753528	pericycle - M	The outermost layer of the vascular cylinder of a root, where lateral roots originate.
241753529	meristemic cells - M	cells that allow a plant to grow as long as they live
241753530	apical meristem - M	actively dividing cells that leads to an increase in plant length
241753531	primary growth - M	an increase in the length of a plant; caused by cells of the apical meristem
241753532	lateral meristems - M	cells that extend all the way through the plant and lead to an increase in width of the plant
241753533	Secondary growth - M	growth in the width of the plant; caused by the lateral meristem
241753534	Root cap - M	protective structure that keeps roots from being damaged during push through the soil
241753535	Zone of cell division - M	section of root where cells are actively dividing
241753536	zone of elongation - M	section of the root where cells absorb water and increase in length to make the plant taller
241753537	Zone of maturation - M	section of the root past the zone of elongation where cells differentiate to their finalized form (phloem, xylem, parenchyma, epidermal, etc)
241753538	shoots - M	part of the plant that is above ground
241753539	cuticle - M	waxy covering of the leaf which functions to decrease transpiration rate
243581463	palisade mesophyll - M	Area of leaf that contains many chloroplast and where most photosynthesis will take place
243581464	spongy mesophyll - M	Loosely arranged photosynthetic cells located below the palisade mesophyll cells in a leaf; provide CO2 for photosynthesis
243581465	Stomata - M	pores on the leaves through which CO2 comes in, and O2 (and sometimes water) exit
243581466	guard cells - M	The two cells that flank the stomatal pore and regulate the opening and closing of the pore.
243581467	cutin - M	waxy covering around the stem that provides protection
243581468	vascular cambium - M	lateral meristematic tissue that produces vascular tissues and increases the thickness of the stem over time; also gives rise to the secondary xylem and phloem
243581469	cork cambium - M	A cylinder of meristematic tissue in plants that produces cork cells to replace the epidermis during secondary growth
243581470	abscisic acid -R	A plant hormone that brings about dormancy in buds, mantains dormancy in seeds, and brings about stomatal closing, among other effects.
243581471	Auxin -R	substance produced in the tip of a seedling that stimulates cell elongation and has important roles in phototropism and gravitropism
243581472	cytokinins -R	Stimulates cell division, leaf enlargement, and growth of lateral buds. Causes dormant seeds to sprout.
243581473	ethylene -R	hormone that promotes leaf abscission and fruit ripening
243581474	gibberellins -R	hormone that causes growth: promote seed and bud germination, stem elongation, and leaf growth; stimulate flowering and development of fruit; affect root growth and differentiation
243581475	tropism -R	A growth response of a plant toward or away from a stimulus
243581476	gravitropism -R	response of a plant to the force of gravity; influenced by auxin and gibberellins
243581477	phototropism -R	Plant growth in response to light; influenced by auxin
243581478	thigmotropism - R	plant growth in response to touch
243581479	coleoptile -R	The covering of the young shoot of the embryo of a grass seed.
243581480	circadian rhythm - R	a daily cycle of activity observed in many living organisms
243581481	photoperiodism -R	a plant's response to seasonal changes in length of night and day
243581482	florigen -R	A flowering signal, not yet chemically identified, that may be a hormone or may be a change in relative concentrations of multiple hormones.
243581483	phytochrome -R	A plant pigment that controls the photoperiodic response
243581484	root pressure- N	The upward push of xylem sap in the vascular tissue of roots.
243581485	capillary action -N	a phenomenon associated with surface tension and resulting in the elevation or depression of liquids in capillaries
243581486	cohesion-theory -N	theory that explains how the physical properties of water allow it to move through the xylem of plants; state that as H20 evaporates from open stomata, water is pulled up capillaries to replace what was lost
243581487	translocation -N	the transport of dissolved material within a plant