Chapter 42: Circulation and Gas Exchange

59411465	nutrients, gases, wastes	What materials can be exchanged over circulatory systems?
59411466	open	the type of circulatory system of arthropods and molluscs
59411467	closed	the type of circulatory system in vertebrates
59411468	arteries	these vessels carry blood away from the heart
59411469	veins	these vessels carry blood toward the heart
59411470	arteries, arterioles, capillaries, venules, veins	order of blood flow when originating at the heart
59411471	capillaries	vessels that infiltrate tissues in networks
59411472	atria	parts of the heart that receive blood
59411473	ventricles	parts of the heart that pump blood out of the heart
59411474	pulmocutaneous circuit	a system in three-chambered hearts that forms a forked artery and leads to the lungs and skin
59411475	systemic circuit	a part of the circulatory system which carries blood to the rest of the body and back to the right atrium
59411476	pulmonary circuit	a part of the circulatory system that is responsible for gas exchange in the lungs
59411477	rich	the left side of the heart contains blood that is oxygen _____
59411478	poor	the right side of the heart contains blood that is oxygen _____
59411479	systole	the period during which the mammalian heart pumps blood
59411480	diastole	the period during which the mammalian heart relaxes, allowing the heart chambers to fill with blood
59411481	atrioventricular valves	parts of the heart between each atrium and ventricle that are snapped shut when blood is forced against them as the ventricles contract
59411482	semilunar valves	parts of the heart at the exit of the aorta and pulmonary artery that are forced open by ventricular contraction, and close when the ventricles relax
59411483	sinoatrial node	the pacemaker of the heart; located in the right atrium
59411484	atrioventricular node	the part of the heart that relays the impulse of the SA node
59411485	hemolymph	body fluid found in sinuses or spaces between organs that bathes the internal tissues, providing for chemical exchange
59411486	outer connective tissue, middle muscle, inner lining of endothelium	the layers of an artery or vein wall
59411487	endothelium	a single layer of flattened cells
59411488	capillaries	these vessels have a slow velocity for blood flow
59411489	veins	these vessels have a fast velocity for blood flow
59411490	systolic pressure	pressure created from the force exerted against the wall of a blood vessel during systole
59411491	diastolic pressure	pressure created by the recoiling of the stretched elastic arteries during diastole
59411492	vasconstriction	the contraction of smooth muscles in arteriole walls; increases resistance, thus increases blood pressure
59411493	vasodilation	the relaxation of smooth muscles in arteriole walls; decreases resistance, thus decreases blood pressure
59411494	endothelin	a peptide produced and secreted by endothelial cells that induces vasoconstriction
59411495	plasma	a liquid matrix that makes up about 55% of blood; consists of a large variety of solutes dissolved in water
59411496	erythrocytes	cells that transport oxygen; red blood cells; lack mitochondria and generate ATP by anaerobic metabolism
59411497	leukocytes	white blood cells that fight infections
59411498	platelets	pinched-off fragments of large cells in the bone marrow that are involved in blood clotting
59411499	fibrin	the active form of the protein fibrinogen that helps to blot blood
59411500	thrombus	a clot of blood that occurs within a blood vessel and blocks the flow of blood
59411501	erythropoietin	a hormone that is produced by the kidney in response to low oxygen supply in tissues
59411502	atherosclerosis	a disease in which plaque narrows the arteries, thereby restricting blood flow
59411503	heart attack	the blockage of coronary arteries that leads to death of cardiac muscle
59411504	stroke	the blockage or rupturing of arteries in the head
59411505	LDL	the type of cholesterol that is associated with deposits in plaques
59411506	HDL	the type of cholesterol that is appear to reduce cholesterol deposition in plaques
59411507	hypertension	the condition of high blood pressure; is thought to damage the endothelium and initiate plaque formation
59411508	partial pressure	a measurement of the concentration of a gas in air or dissolved in water
59411509	higher; lower	a gas will diffuse from a region of ________ partial pressure to a region of ________ partial pressure
59411510	ventilation	movement of the respiratory medium across the respiratory surface
59411511	countercurrent exchange	an arrangement in which the diffusion gradient favors the movement of oxygen into the blood along the length of the capillary
59411512	tracheal systems	tiny air tubes, which branch throughout the body and come into contact with nearly every cell
59411513	lungs	invaginated respiratory surfaces restricted to one location from which oxygen is transported by the circulatory system
59411514	positive-pressure breathing	a type of breathing that lowers the floor of the oral cavity, expanding it and drawing air into the mouth; used by amphibians
59411515	negative-pressure breathing	a type of breathing that uses the lungs; used by mammals
59411516	tidal volume	the volume of air inhaled and exhaled by an animal during normal breathing
59411517	vital capacity	the maximum volume during forced breathing
59411518	residual volume	the air that remains in the alveoli and lungs after forceful exhaling
59411519	lower	hemoglobin releases more oxygen in tissues with a _______ amount of oxygen
59411520	myoglobin	an oxygen-storing muscle protein