AP Psychology Chapter 10

4890846	all the mental activities associated with thinking, knowing, remembering, and communicating.	cognition
4890847	a mental grouping of similar objects, events, ideas, or people.	concept
4890848	a mental image or best example of a category. Matching new items to the prototype provides a quick and easy method for including items in a category (as when comparing feathered creatures to a prototypical bird, such as a robin).	prototype
4890849	a methodical, logical rule or procedure that guarantees solving a particular problem. Contrasts with the usually speedier-- but also more error-prone—use of heuristics.	algorithm
4890850	a simple thinking strategy that often allows us to make judgments and solve problems efficiently; usually speedier but also more error-prone than algorithms.	heuristic
4890851	a sudden and often novel realization of the solution to a problem; it contrasts with strategy-based solutions.	insight
4890852	a tendency to search for information that confirms one's preconceptions.	confirmation bias
4890853	the inability to see a problem from a new perspective; an impediment to problem solving.	fixation
4890854	a tendency to approach a problem in a particular way, often a way that has been successful in the past.	mental set
4890855	the tendency to think of things only in terms of their usual functions; an impediment to problem solving.	functional fixedness
4890856	judging the likelihood of things in terms of how well they seem to represent, or match, particular prototypes; may lead one to ignore other relevant information.	representativeness heuristic
4890857	estimating the likelihood of events based on their availability in memory; if instances come readily to mind (perhaps because of their vividness), we presume such events are common.	availability heuristic
4890858	the tendency to be more confident than correct—to overestimate the accuracy of one's beliefs and judgments.	overconfidence
4890859	the way an issue is posed; how an issue is framed can significantly affect decisions and judgments.	framing
4890860	the tendency for one's preexisting beliefs to distort logical reasoning, sometimes by making invalid conclusions seem valid, or valid conclusions seem invalid.	belief bias
4890861	clinging to one's initial conceptions after the basis on which they were formed has been discredited.	belief perseverance
5143135	our spoken, written, or signed words and the ways we combine them to communicate meaning.	language
5143136	in a language, the smallest distinctive sound unit.	phoneme
5143137	in a language, the smallest unit that carries meaning; may be a word or a part of a word (such as a prefix).	morpheme
5143138	in a language, a system of rules that enables us to communicate with and understand others.	grammar
5143139	the rules for combining words into grammatically sensible sentences in a given language.	syntax
5143140	at about 4 months, the stage of speech development in which the infant spontaneously utters various sounds at first unrelated to the household language.	babbling stage
5143141	early speech stage in which a child speaks like a telegram--"go car"--using mostly nouns and verbs and omitting auxiliary words.	telegraphic speech
5143142	Whorf's hypothesis that language determines the way we think.	linguistic determinism
112649028	the set of rules by which we derive meaning from morphemes, words, and sentences in a given language; also, the study of meaning.	semantics
112649029	the stage in speech development, from about age 1 to 2, during which a child speaks mostly in single words.	one-word stage
112649030	beginning about age 2, the stage in speech development during which a child speaks mostly two-word statements.	two-word stage