Motivation & Emotion Flashcards

343001178	motivation	a need or desire that energizes and directs behavior	0
343001179	instinct	a complex behavior that is rigidly patterned throughout a species and is unlearned	1
343001180	drive-reduction theory	the idea that a physiological need creates an aroused tension state (a drive) that motivates an organism to satisfy the need	2
343001181	homeostasis	a tendency to maintain a balanced or constant internal state; the regulation of any aspect of body chemistry, such as blood glucose, around a particular level	3
343001182	incentives	a positive or negative environmental stimulus that motivates behavior	4
343001183	Abraham Maslow	Humanistic psychologist known for his "Hierarchy of Needs" and the concept of "self-actualization"	5
343001184	hierarchy of needs	Maslow's pyramid of human needs, beginning at the base with physiological needs that must first be satisfied before higher-level safety needs and then psychological needs become active	6
343001185	glucose	the form of sugar that circulates in the blood and provides the major source of energy for body tissues. When its level is low, we feel hunger.	7
343001186	orexin	hunger-triggering hormone secreted by hypothalamus	8
343001187	insulin	hormone secreted by pancreas; controls blood glucose	9
343001188	ghrelin	a hunger-arousing hormone secreted by an empty stomach	10
343001189	lateral hypothalamus	the part of the hypothalamus that produces hunger signals	11
343001190	ventromedial hypothalamus	the part of the hypothalamus that produces feelings of fullness as opposed to hunger, and causes one to stop eating	12
343001191	leptin	secreted by fat cells; signals brain to increase metabolism and decrease hunger	13
343001192	set point	the point at which an individual's "weight thermostat" is supposedly set. When the body falls below this weight, an increase in hunger and a lowered metabolic rate may act to restore the lost weight.	14
343001193	basal metabolic rate	the body's resting rate of energy expenditure	15
343001194	anorexia nervosa	an eating disorder in which a normal-weight person (usually an adolescent female) diets and becomes significantly (15 percent or more) underweight, yet, still feeling fat, continues to starve.	16
343001195	bulimia nervosa	an eating disorder characterized by episodes of overeating, usually of high-calorie foods, followed by vomiting, laxative use, fasting, or excessive exercise.	17
343001196	Alfred Kinsey	Indiana University biologist who researched sexual behavior	18
343001197	sexual response cycle	the four stages of sexual responding described by Matsters and Johnson-excitement, plateau, orgasm, and resolution.	19
343001198	Masters and Johnson	Among the first to use laboratory experimentation and observation to study the sexual response cycle	20
343001199	estrogen	a sex hormone, secreted in greater amounts by females than by males. In nonhuman female mammals, estrogen levels peak during ovulation, promoting sexual receptivity.	21
343001200	testosterone	the most important of the male sex hormones. Both males and females have it, but the additional _______ in males stimulates the growth of the male sex organs in the fetus and the development of the male sex characteristics during puberty	22
343001201	sexual disorders	a problem that consistently impairs sexual arousal or functioning	23
343001202	sexual orientation	an enduring sexual attraction toward members of either one's own sex (homosexual orientation) or the other sex (heterosexual orientation)	24
343001203	Simon LeVay	Gay scientist who blindly studied brains and discovered that the cell cluster was reliably larger in heterosexual men than in woman and homosexual men	25
343001204	ostracism	social exclusion	26
343001205	flow	a completely involved, focused state of consciousness, with diminished awareness of self and time, resulting from optimal engagement of one's skills	27
343001206	achievement motivation	a desire for significant accomplishment: for mastery of things, people, or ideas; for attaining a high standard	28
343001207	intrinsic motivation	a desire to perform a behavior effectively for its own sake	29
343001208	extrinsic motivation	a desire to perform a behavior due to promised rewards or threats of punishment	30
343001209	industrial organizational (I/O) psychology	the application of psychological concepts and methods to optimizing human behavior in workplaces	31
343001210	personnel psychology	a subfield of I/O psychology that focuses on employee recruitment, selection, placement, training, appraisal, and development	32
343001211	organizational psychology	a subfield of I/O psychology that examines organizational influences on worker satisfaction and productivity and facilitates organizational change	33
343001212	interviewer illusion	the tendency for interviewers to overrate their "gut feelings" about a prospective employee	34
343001213	structured interviews	interview process that asks the same job-relevant questions of all applicants, each of whom is rated on established scales	35
343001214	360 degree feedback	a performance appraisal process in which feedback is obtained from the boss, subordinates, peers and coworkers, and the employees themselves	36
343001215	halo errors	one's overall evaluation of an employee or of a personal trait biases rating of their specific work-related behaviors	37
343001216	leniency and severity errors	errors which reflect evaluator's tendencies to be either too easy or too harsh on everyone	38
343001217	recency errors	when raters focus only on easily remembered recent behavior	39
343001218	task leadership	goal-oriented leadership that sets standards, organizes work, and focuses attention on goals	40
343001219	social leadership	group-oriented leadership that builds teamwork, mediates conflict, and offers support	41
343001220	emotion	a response of the whole organism, involving (1) physiological arousal, (2) expressive behaviors, and (3) conscious experience	42
343001221	James-Lange theory	the theory that our experience of emotion is our awareness of our physiological responses to emotion-arousing stimuli	43
343006994	Cannon-Bard theory	the theory that an emotion-arousing stimulus simultaneously triggers (1) physiological responses and (2) the subjective experience of emotion	44
343006995	Two-factor theory	Schachter-Singer's theory that to experience emotion one must (1) be physically aroused and (2) cognitively label the arousal	45
343006996	Sympathetic nervous system	the division of the autonomic nervous system that arouses the body, mobilizing its energy in stressful situations	46
343006997	Parasympathetic nervous system	the division of the autonomic nervous system that calms the body, conserving its energy	47
343006998	arousal theory (Yerkes-Dodson Law)	theory that states that human motivation aims to seek optimum levels of arousal, not to eliminate it	48
343006999	spillover effect	arosal from one event can influence response to another	49
343007000	Zajonc and LeDoux	Believed SOME* emotional responses involve NO consicous thinking (*fear, happiness, dislike, "low road") and sensory info goes straight to the anygdala	50
343007003	Paul Ekman	discovered that emotions are universal	51
343007004	Carol Izard	researcher who found the 10 basic emotions of joy, interest-excitement, surprise, sadness, anger, disgust, contempt, fear, shame, and guilt	52
343007005	facial feedback	the process by which the facial muscles send messages to the brain about the basic emotion being expressed	53
343007006	valence and arousal	people tend to describe their experienced emotions along with two dimensions of _______ and _________	54
343007007	anterior cingulated cortex	a higher-level center for processing emotion	55
343007008	catharsis	emotional release. In psychology, this hypothesis maintains that "releasing" aggressive energy (through action or fantasy) relieves aggressive urges.	56
343007009	feel-good, do good phenomenon	people's tendency to be helpful when already in a good mood	57
343007010	subjective well-being	self-perceived happiness or satisfaction with life. Used along with measures of objective well-being (for example, physical and economic indicators) to evaluate people's quality of life.	58
343007011	adaption-level phenomenon	our tendency to form judgments (of sounds, of lights, of income) relative to a neutral level defined by our prior experience	59
343007012	relative deprivation	the perception that one is worse off relative to those with whom one compares oneself	60
343007013	opponent process theory of emotion	following a strong emotion, an opposing emotion counters the first emotion, lessening the experience of that emotion; on repeated occasions, the opposing emotion becomes stronger	61
344352544	Lazarus	Agrees with others, but emotions involve some level of cognition; whether the cognition is conscious, or unconscious	62
344352545	pleasant and unpleasant/ high vs. low	valance/arousal	63
380524533	Need	biological or psychological requirement of something	64
380524534	Drive	psychological state that motivates an organism to satisfy its needs	65
380524535	Primary drives	innate drives, such as hunger, thirst, and sexual desire, that arise from basic biological needs	66
380524536	Secondary drives	drives that are learned or acquired through experience, such as the drive to achieve monetary wealth	67
380524538	Obesity	overfatness to the point of injuring health. It is often defined as 20 percent or more above the appropriate weight for height	68
380524539	Management theory	studies of management styles show two basic attitudes that affect how managers do their jobs: Theory X - managers believe that employees will work only if rewarded with benefits or threatened with punishment Theory Y - managers believe that employees are internally motivated to do good work and policies should encourage this internal motive	69
380524540	Approach-approach conflict	a conflict arising from having to choose between equally desirable alternatives	70
380524541	Avoidance-avoidance conflict	conflict occurring when a person must choose between two undesirable goals	71
380524542	Approach-avoidance conflict	conflict occurring when a person must choose or not choose a goal that has both positive and negative aspects	72
380524543	General adaptation syndrome (GAS)	Selye's concept of the body's adaptive response to stress in three stages—alarm, resistance, exhaustion	73