Chemistry SAT

67356762	calorimeter	instrument used to measure energy
67356763	heat	the flow of energy from a body at a higher temperature to one at a lower temperature
67356764	heat capacity	the amount of heat a substance must absorb for its temperature to be raised by 1 degree Celsius
67356765	molecule	chemical bonds join two or more atoms into units
67356766	exothermic	release of energy
67356767	endothermic	absorption of energy
67356768	entropy	state of disorder
67356769	enthalpy	energy states of reactants or products
67356770	heat of formation	the amount of heat that's released or absorbed when 1 mole of the compound is formed from its elements
67356771	spontaneous reaction	a reaction that will occur at a given temperature without the input of energy
67356772	energy shell	a collection of orbitals with roughly similar sizes
67356773	shape	an important characteristic of orbitals
67356774	subshell	orbitals that have the same shape in a given energy shell
67356775	heisenberg principle	it is impossible to know both the position and the momentum of an electron at the same time
67356776	bohr model	the incorrect idea that electrons orbit the nucleus in true orbits
67356777	de broglie's hypothesis	matter (including electrons) can be thought of as having properties of both a particle and a wave
67356778	radioactive	unstable atoms that have a tendency to break apart
67356779	geiger counter	used to detect and measure radioactive particles
67356780	alpha decay	alpha particle emitted, atomic number decreases by 2; the mass number decreases by 4
67356781	beta decay	a neutron is converted to a proton, an electron is emitted, the atomic number increases by 1, mass number stays the same
67356782	positron emission	a proton is converted to a neutron, a positron is emitted, the atomic number decreases by 1, the mass number stays the same
67356783	gamma decay	a nucleus releases energy in the form of high energy radiation, a gamma photon is emitted
67356784	half-life	the rate of radioactive decay of a substance
67356785	ionization energy	energy required to remove an electron from an atom
67356786	electronegativity	how much an atom "pulls" on electrons in a bond
67356787	atomic radius	distance from the center of an atom to the edge
67356788	metallic character	how easily an atom gives up an electron in a bond
67356789	ionic bond	atoms gain or lose electrons to form a stable octet, ions held together by electrostatic attraction
67356790	covalent bond	sharing of electrons to form a stable octet
67356791	polar covalent bond	unequal sharing of electrons to form stable octet
67356792	metallic bond	sea of mobile electrons
67356793	kinetic molecular theory	the kinetic energy of a gas molecule increases proportionally with temperature in degrees Kelvin
67356794	network solid	covalently bonded substances that do not consist of individual molecules
67356795	hydrate	an ionic substance in which water molecules bond to the ions in a fixed ratio
67356796	heat of fusion	the amount of heat that it takes a substance to just move from solid to liquid phase
67356797	heat of vaporization	the amount of energy that must be added to move the substance from liquid to gaseous phase
67356798	vapor pressure	created when liquids below their boiling points are evaporated
67356799	triple point	special combination of pressure and temperature
67356800	evaporation	a liquid has a enough kinetic energy to escape into a gaseous phase
67356801	molarity	most commonly used unit for concentration, measure of number of moles of solute dissolved per liter of solution
67356802	molality	measure of the number of moles of solute dissolved per kilogram of solvent
67356803	activation energy	the minimum energy that must be supplied for the activated complex to be formed
67356804	dynamic equilibrium	the forward and reverse reaction rates are equal;constant but not equal concentrations of products and reactants
67356805	le chatelier's principle	stressing a system at equilibrium causes the system to shift to relieve stress
67356806	buffer	a conjugate pair of a weak acid and weak base
67356807	oxidation state	positive if the atom is likely to lose electrons and negative if the atom is likely to gain electrons
67356808	combustion reaction	a compound containing carbon and hydrogen reacts with molecular oxygen to produce carbon dioxide and water
67356809	oxidizing agent	causes another species to be oxidized by undergoing reduction
67356810	reducing agent	causes another substance to be reduced
67356811	electrochemical cell	a device used to produce an electric current from a spontaneous redox reaction
67356812	electrolysis	the process by which electrical energy is put into a nonspontaneous redox reaction to force it to occur
67356813	electroplating	a type of electrolysis in which one metal is deposited on another
67356814	salt bridge	contains a cation and an anion that don;t participate in the redox reaction
67356815	substitution	one atom or group in a compound is replaced with another atom or group
67356816	polymerization	two smaller compounds are joined to form a large third compound
67356817	cracking	a larger compound is broken down into smaller compounds
67356818	oxidation	an organic compound can react with oxygen at high temperatures to form carbon dioxide and water, otherwise known as combustion
67356819	esterification	an organic acid reacts with an alcohol to produce an ester and water
67356820	fermentation	an organic compound reacts in the absence of oxygen to produce an alcohol and carbon dioxide
67356821	lipids	made up of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen atoms connected in long branching chains
67356822	carbohydrates	known as sugars, organic compounds that contain carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen usually in 1:2:1 ratio
67356823	nucleic acids	contain carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, and phosphorus, they are polymers made up of monomers known as nucleotides
67356824	polypeptides	chains of linked amino acids
67356825	enzymes	biological catalysts that speed up the rate of nearly all cellular reactions
67356826	troposphere	the layer of the atmosphere closest to the earth
67356827	stratosphere	layer above the troposphere
67356828	mesosphere	further out beyond the stratosphere
67356829	thermosphere	furthest layer out of them all
67356830	photodissociation	a bond is broken as a molecule absorbs a photon of light energy
67356831	accuracy	the measure of how correct a measurement is, compared to some standard
67356832	precision	the measure of how exact a measurement is, compared to the real value of the measurement
67356833	beaker	used to hold and pour liquids
67356834	buret	used to add small but precisely measured volumes of liquid to a solution, used frequently in titration experiments
67356835	burner	used to apply heat
67356836	crucible tongs	used to handle objects that are too hot to touch
67356837	dropper pipette	used to add small amounts of liquid to a solution
67356838	erlenmeyer flask	a flash used for heating liqiuds, conic shape allows stirring
67356839	evaporating dish	used to hold liquids for evaporation, wide mouth allows vapor to escape
67356840	florence flask	used for boiling of liquids
67356841	forceps	tweezers
67356842	funnel	used to get liquids into a small container
67356843	graduated cylinder	used for measuring precisely a volume of liquid to be poured all at once
67356844	graduated pipette	used to transfer small and precise volumes of liquid from one container to another