ap human unit 7/8 Flashcards
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| 66533846 | industrial revolution | term for the social and economic changes in agriculture, commerce, and manufacturing resulting from technological innovations and specializations in the late 18th century Europe | 0 | |
| 66533847 | Cottage Industry | industry in which the production of goods and services is based in homes (not factories). Specialty goods are often produced in this manner | 1 | |
| 66533848 | Brick and mortar industry | industry with actual stores in which trade or retail occurs. Doesn't solely exist on the internet | 2 | |
| 66533849 | Footloose industry | industry in which the cost of transporting both raw materials and the finished product is not important for the location of firms | 3 | |
| 66533850 | Primary industry | industries located adjacent to natural resources. Von thunen only dealt with this kind of industry. | 4 | |
| 66533851 | Secondary industry | industry that is not as dependent on resource locations | 5 | |
| 66533852 | Ullman's conceptual frame | theory made by Edward Ullman that proposed that trade was an interaction based on: complementarity, intervening opportunities, and transferability. | 6 | |
| 66533853 | Complementarity | When two regions, through trade, can satisfy each other's demands (an interaction from Ullman's conceptual frame) | 7 | |
| 66533854 | intervening opportunity | presence of a nearer opportunity that diminishes the attractiveness of sites farther away (an interaction from Ullman's conceptual frame) | 8 | |
| 66533855 | Transferability | the ease or difficulty in which a good is transported from one area to another (an interaction from Ullman's conceptual frame) | 9 | |
| 66533856 | Weber's least cost theory | theory made by Alfred Weber that describes the optimal location of a manufacturing firm in relation to the cost of transportation, labor, and advantages through agglomeration. | 10 | |
| 66533857 | Weight losing case | if the finished product of manufacturing costs less to transport. According to Weber's least cost theory, the firm will be located closer to the resources | 11 | |
| 66533858 | weight gaining case | if the finished product of manufacturing costs more to transport. According to Weber's least cost theory, the firm will be located closer to the consumers | 12 | |
| 66533859 | substitution principle | states that losses in one area may be offset by savings in another | 13 | |
| 66533860 | hotelling's model | model dealing with locational interdependence that states that the location of industries can't be understood without reference to the location of industries of like kind. The model shows two vendors that would eventually locate next to each other to maximize profit. | 14 | |
| 66533861 | Losch's model | model dealing with location interdependence that states that firms will identify a zone of profitability, rather than a point of profitability, where income will outpace the costs | 15 | |
| 66533862 | factors of industrial location | things considered when firms consider where to place a factory. Include transportation costs, labor costs, energy, terrain, and climate. | 16 | |
| 66533863 | primary industrial zones | regions (all in the northern hemisphere) that represent the strongest industrial zones | 17 | |
| 66533864 | eastern north america | strongest and most dominant primary industrial zone since WWII | 18 | |
| 66533865 | western and central europe | oldest and most urbanized primary industrial zone | 19 | |
| 66533866 | russia and ukraine | primary industrial zone that was highly developed under Communism | 20 | |
| 66533867 | Eastern Asia | primary industrial zone that contains Japan, China, and the "Four Tigers" | 21 | |
| 66533868 | Secondary industrial regions | states and regions that have been intensely developing and urbanizing in recent decades. Typically represent more semi-peripheral economies | 22 | |
| 66533869 | first-round industrial | industrialization up to WWII. England had comparative advantages to the rest of the world. Industrialization diffused to the rest of Europe, the United States, and Asia | 23 | |
| 66533870 | mid-twentieth century industrialization | industrialization after WWII where the US and USSR became the strongest industrial nations. Japan also rose to a major industrial power | 24 | |
| 66533871 | late twentieth century industrialization | industrialization where the four primary regions are still dominant, but secondary industrial regions are industrializing quickly. | 25 | |
| 66533872 | network | a set of interconnected nodes without a center. using modem technology, _____ enable globalization to occur and create a higher degree of interaction and interdependence than ever before | 26 | |
| 66533873 | mass production | (Fordism) industrial arrangement of machines, equipment, and workers for continuous flow of work pieces in mass production operations. each movement of material is made as simple and short as possible. Important because it allowed for goods to be produced at a rate comparable to the demand for many of those products | 27 | |
| 66533874 | lean production | (Toyotism) production that is centered around creating more value with less work using modem transportation. efficiency is maximized by obtaining components and parts through just-in-time delivery. | 28 | |
| 66533875 | Global division of labor | (New International division of labor) phenomenon whereby corporations and others can draw from labor markets around the world. Made possible through improvements in communication and transportation systems | 29 | |
| 66533876 | outsourcing | turning production to another firm or business outside of the country (offshoring) | 30 | |
| 66533877 | Measures of development | measures used to distinguish LDC's from MDC's. These include GDP, literacy rate, life expectancy, and caloric intake. | 31 | |
| 66533878 | gross domestic product (GDP) | total value of goods and services produced in a year in a given country. | 32 | |
| 66533879 | gross national product (GNP) | similar to GDP except that it includes income that people make abroad | 33 | |
| 66533880 | gross national income with purchasing power parity (GNI PPP) | similar to GNP but takes into account price differences between countries | 34 | |
| 66533881 | human development index (HDI) | aggregate index of development, which takes into account economic, social, and demographic factors, using GDP, literacy/education, and life expectancy | 35 | |
| 66533882 | physical quality of life index (PQL) | measure of development based on literacy rate, infant mortality rate, and life expectancy at age 1 | 36 | |
| 66533883 | caloric intake | amount of food consumed by people in a country. People in MDCs typically have a higher _____ _____ than people in LDCs. | 37 | |
| 66533884 | core-periphery model | model that describes the pattern of distribution of the MDCs and LDCs. The ____ is the MDCs, which are clustered mostly in the around the north pole. The _________ is the LDCs around the edges. | 38 | |
| 66533885 | world systems thoery | theory made by Immanuel Wallerstein that is shown through a three-tier structure (core, semi-periphery, periphery). Exmplains the power hierarchy in which powerful and wealthy core societies dominate and exploit weak and poor peripheral societies. | 39 | |
| 66533886 | liberal models | models that assume that all countries are capable of developing economically in the same way, but disparities in countries cause inefficiencies in local or regional markets. | 40 | |
| 66533887 | Modernization Model | (Demographic Transition model) model made by Walter Rostow in the '60's that stated that countries develop in five stages | 41 | |
| 66533888 | traditional society | stage 1 of the modernization model | 42 | |
| 66533889 | preconditions for takeoff | stage 2 of the modernization model | 43 | |
| 66533890 | takeoff | stage 3 of the modernization model | 44 | |
| 66533891 | drive to maturity | stage 4 of the modernization model | 45 | |
| 66533892 | age of mass consumption | stage 5 of the modernization model | 46 | |
| 66533893 | structuralist models | models that state that economic disparities are the result of historically derived power relations within the global economic system that cannot be changed | 47 | |
| 66533894 | dependency theory | structuralist theory that states that political and economic relationships between countries and regions controls and limits the developmental possibilities of less well-off areas | 48 | |
| 66533895 | neocolonialism | the economic control that the MDCs are believed to have over the LDCs | 49 | |
| 66533896 | Economic Backwaters | regions that fail to gain from national economic development | 50 | |
| 66533897 | tourism | a service industry giant that countries are seeking to develop. Equals 11% of all global jobs and 11% of the global GNP. Can either enhance or diminish the cultural landscape distinctiveness. | 51 | |
| 66533898 | foreign direct investment | investment in the economies of LDCs by transnational corporations based in MDCs. | 52 | |
| 66533899 | deindustrialization | process where the companies move industrial jobs to other regions, leaving the industrialization region to switch to a service economy and work through a period of high unemployment. | 53 | |
| 66533900 | local currency | currency used only at the local or regional scale | 54 | |
| 66533901 | local exchange trading system | system that allows members of the community to trade services or goods in a local network separated from the formal economy | 55 | |
| 66533902 | backwash effect | when one region's economic gain translates into another region's economic loss | 56 | |
| 66533903 | organization for economic cooperation and development (OECD) | organization born after WWII to coordinate the Marshall plan. Today has 30 member countries with more than 70 economies. | 57 | |
| 66533904 | Non governmental organization (NGO) | an organization not run by state or local governments that generally operate as nonprofits | 58 | |
| 66533905 | Special economic Zone (SEZ) | specific area withing a country in which tax and investment incentives are implemented to attract foreign businesses and investment | 59 | |
| 66533906 | export processing zone (EPZ) | established by many periphery countries where favorable taxes and arrangements are made to attract business/investment | 60 | |
| 66533907 | maquiladora | an EPZ in northern Mexico with factories supplying manufactured goods to the US market | 61 | |
| 66533908 | high technology corridor | (technopole) areas that are devoted to research, development, and the sale of high technology products. | 62 | |
| 66533909 | venture capital | investments that are typically made in the early stages of developing companies in the hopes of generating a favorable return through the growth or sale of the companies. Made as cash exchanges for shares in a company. | 63 | |
| 66533910 | time-space convergence | refers to the greatly accelerated movement of goods, information, and ideas during the 20th century. Made possible through technology. | 64 | |
| 66533911 | Time-Space compression | the social and psychological effects of living in the modern technological world (the world seems smaller, or ______) | 65 | |
| 66533912 | standard of living | refers to the quality and quantity of goods and services available to people and the way they are distributed within a population | 66 | |
| 66533913 | globalization | expansion of economic, political, and cultural processes to a global scale and impact. Transcend state boundaries | 67 | |
| 66533914 | colonization | process of a state putting its government in charge of a foreign place to gain control of its people/resources. Laid the groundwork for today's globalized networks. | 68 | |
| 66533915 | commodification | process through which something is given monetary value | 69 | |
| 66533916 | commercialization | transformation of an area of a city into an area attractive to residents and tourists in terms of economic activity | 70 | |
| 66533917 | homogenization | process in which the distinctiveness of the cultural landscape is diminished | 71 | |
| 66533918 | regionalization | process by which specific regions acquire characteristics that differentiate them from others within the same country | 72 | |
| 66533919 | glocalization | process by which peopl ein a local place alter regional, national, and global processes | 73 | |
| 66533920 | global-local continuum | notion that what happens at the global scale has a direct effect on what happens at the local scale and vice versa | 74 | |
| 66533921 | vertical integration | ownership by the same firm of a number of companies that exist along a variety of points on a commodity chain | 75 | |
| 66533922 | horizontal integration | ownership by the same firm of a number of companies that exist at the same point on a commodity chain | 76 | |
| 66533923 | synergy | the cross promotion of vertically integrated goods and services | 77 | |
| 66533924 | gatekeepers | people or companies who control access to information | 78 | |
| 66533925 | market economy | capitalist economy based on the division of labor in which the prices of goods and services are determined in a free enterprise system set by supply and demand | 79 | |
| 66533926 | mixed economy | economic system that incorporates a mixture of private and government ownership or control (mixture of capitalism and socialism) | 80 | |
| 66533927 | planned economy | communist economic system in whcih a central government determines the prices of goods and services, controls the factors of production, and makes all decisions about their use and distribution of income. | 81 | |
| 66533928 | asylum seeker | refugee seeking shelter and protection in one state from another state | 82 | |
| 66533929 | informal economy | economic activity that is neither taxed nor monitored by a government | 83 | |
| 66533930 | end of geography | hypothetical situation in which place and territory are unimportant because global superhighways of information transcend place. | 84 | |
| 66755002 | Four Tigers | Countries in East Asia that rapidly developed and have emerged as economic leaders in Asia. Include South Korea, Taiwan, Hong Kong, and Singapore. | 85 |