AP Human Geography: Unit 5 Flashcards

358144119	agribusiness	a large-scale farming enterprise	0
358144120	agricultural hearths	Farming practices diffused across the surface of the earth.	1
358144121	agriculture	the federal department that administers programs that provide services to farmers (including research and soil conservation and efforts to stabilize the farming economy)	2
358144122	biotechnology	the branch of engineering science in which biological science is used to study the relation between workers and their environments	3
358144123	cereal grains	corn, wheat, rice, and other grasses	4
358144124	Colombian Exchange	The exchange of plants, animals, diseases, and technologies between the Americas and the rest of the world following Columbus's voyages.	5
358144125	commercial agriculture	Agriculture undertaken primarily to generate products for sale off the farm.	6
358144126	desertification	the gradual transformation of habitable land into desert	7
358144127	dispersed settlement pattern	A rural settlement pattern characterized by isolated farms rather than clustered villages	8
358144128	enclosure	the act of enclosing something inside something else	9
358144129	erosion	condition in which the earth's surface is worn away by the action of water and wind	10
359714352	extensive subsistence agriculture	consists of any agricultural economy in which the crops and/or animals are used nearly exclusively for local or family consumption on large areas of land and minimal labor input per acre	11
359714353	extensive agriculture	An agricultural system characterized by low inputs of labor per unit land area.	12
359714354	Green Revolution	the introduction of pesticides and high-yield grains and better management during the 1960s and 1970s which greatly increased agricultural productivity	13
359714355	hamlets, villages	small clustered of building and slightly larger settlements	14
359714356	horticulture	The growing of fruits, vegetables, and flowers.	15
359714357	hunters and gatherers	people who survive by eating animals that they have caught or plants they have gathered	16
359714358	industrial agriculture	a form of agriculture that is capital-intensive, substituting machinery and purchased inputs for human and animal labor	17
359714359	intensive agriculture	A form of subsistence agriculture in which farmers must expend a relatively large amount of effort to produce the maximum feasible yield from a parcel of land.	18
359714360	intensive subsistence agriculture	A form of subsistence agriculture in which farmers must expend a relatively large amount of effort to produce the maximum feasible yield from a parcel of land.	19
359714361	irrigation	the artificial application of water to land to assist in the production of crops.	20
359714362	job specialization	The process by which a division of labor occurs as different workers specialize in different tasks over time.	21
359714363	labor intensive agriculture	Type of agriculture that requires large levels of manual labor to be successful.	22
359714364	location theory	a logical attempt to explain the locational pattern of economic activities & the manner in which its producing areas are interrelated	23
359714365	long-lot survey system	distinct regional approach to land surveying found in the Canadian Maritimes, parts of Quebec, Louisiana, and Texas whereby land is divided into narrow parcels stretching back from rivers, roads, or canals	24
359714366	Mediterranean agriculture	An agricultural system practiced in the Mediterranean-style climates of Western Europe, California, and portions of Chile and Australia, in which diverse specialty crops such as grapes, avocados,	25
359714367	mercantilism	an economic policy under which nations sought to increase their wealth and power by obtaining large amounts of gold and silver and by selling more goods than they bought	26
359714368	metes and bounds	Legal description that begins at a well marked point and follows the boundaries around the tract, back to the place of beginning	27
359714369	milkshed	The area surrounding a city from which milk is supplied	28
359714370	mixed crop and livestock farming	both animal and crops are farmed in the same area, it's helpful because farmers could distribute the workload more evenly through the year	29
359714371	Neolithic Revolution	This social revolution was also known as the New Stone Age where people changed from hunting and gathering food to domesticating animals and cultivating land as farmers.	30
359714372	nomadism	A way of life, forced by a scarcity of resources, in which groups of people continually migrate to find pastures and water.	31
359714373	nucleated settlement pattern	villages located quite close together with relatively small surrounding fields	32
359714374	organic agriculture	crops produced without the use of synthetic or industrially produced pesticides and fertilizers	33
359714375	pampas	a grasslands region in Argentina and Uruguay, flat grassland regions	34
359714376	pastoral nomadism	A form of subsistence agriculture based on herding domesticated animals.	35
359714377	patriarchal system	When men had the power in the family, the economy, and the government	36
359714378	plantation farming	A large estate owned by an individual or group organized to sell one or two cash crops using slave labor.	37
359714379	post-industrial societies	economically dependent upon the production and distribution of services, information, and knowledge.	38
359714380	primary sector (agriculture)	The part of the economy that draws raw materials from the natural environment.	39
359714381	primogeniture	seniority by birth; state of being the first-born child; right of the eldest child (to inherit the entire property of one or both parents)	40
359714382	quaternary sector	Service sector industries concerned with the collection, processing, and manipulation of information and capital. Examples include finance, administration, insurance, and legal services.	41
359714383	rectangular survey system	Also called the Public Land Survey, the system was used by the US Land Office Survey to parcel land west of the Appalachian Mountains. The system divides land into a series of rectangular parcels.	42
359714384	Second Agriculture Revolution	Dovetailing with and benefiting from the Industrial Revolution, the Second Agriculture Revolution witnessed improved methods of cultivation, harvesting, and storage of farm produce.	43
359714385	secondary sector (industry)	The part of the economy that transforms raw materials into manufactured goods.	44
359714386	seed agriculture	Reproduction of plants through annual introduction of seeds, which result from sexual fertilization.	45
359714387	seed drill	created by Jethro Tull, it allowed farmers to sow seeds in well-spaced rows at specific depths; this boosted crop yields	46
359714388	shifting cultivation (swidden agriculture)	A form of subsistence agriculture in which people shift activity from one field to another; each field is used for crops for relatively few years and left fallow for a relatively long period. Common in Slash & Burn in the Rain Forest farming (Rain Forest common practice)	47
359714389	specialization	the growing of specialized crops becaase they seem to be the most profitable	48
359714390	subsistence agriculture	Agriculture designed primarily to provide food for direct consumption by the farmer and the farmer's family	49
359714391	tertiary sector	The portion of the economy concerned with transportation, communications, and utilities, sometimes extended to the provision of all goods and services to people in exchange for payment.	50
359714392	Third Agricultural Revolution	currently in progress, development of genetically modified organisms	51
359714393	truck farming	growing vegetables for the market	52
359714394	vegetative planting	reproduction of plants by direct cloning from existing plants	53
359714395	von Thunen's model	Model which shows the location of agriculture in regard to a comercial economy that is similar to the concentric model	54
359714396	wattle	framework consisting of stakes interwoven with branches to form a fence	55
359714397	wet (lowland) rice	Rice planted on dryland in a nursery and then moved to a deliberately flooded field to promote growth	56
359714398	winter wheat area, spring wheat area	Winter: wheat planted in the fall and harvested in the early summer. Spring: Wheat planted in the spring and harvested in the late summer	57