AP Bio Ch 45-46 Hormones

22020457	hormone	molecule that is secreted into extracellular fluid, circulates in blood or hemolymph, and communicates regulatory messages throughout body
22020458	tropic hormone	hormone that has another endocrine gland as a target
22020459	target cell	cells that are targeted and affected by the hormone
22020460	testosterone	steroid hormone required for development of male reproductive system, spermatogenesis, and male secondary sex characteristics; the major androgen in mammals
22020461	estrogen	any steroid hormone, such as estradiol, that stimulates the development and maintenance of the female reproductive system and secondary sex characteristics
22020462	prostaglandins	a group of local regulators that are modified fatty acids; produced by many cells, have varied activities; stimulates smooth muscles of uterine walla to contract, helps induce labor, promotes fever and inflammation, intensifies pain, regulate aggregation of platelets
22020463	LH	luteinizing hormone; gonadotropin; regulates Leydig cells; stimulates follicle growth and follicular tissue left behind to transform into corpus luteum
22020464	prolactin	hormone produced and secreted by anterior pituitary with a great diversity of effects in different vertebrate species; in mammals, it stimulates growth of and milk production by the mammary glands
22020465	insulin	hormone secreted by pancreatic beta cells that lowers blood glucose levels; promotes uptake of glucose and syntehsis and storage of glycogen in the liver, also stimulates protein and fat synthesis
22020466	melatonin	hormone secreted by pineal gland that regulates body functions related to seasonal day length
22020467	GnRH	gonadotropin-releasing hormone; directs the anterior pituitary to secrete gonadotropins
22020468	ecdysone	steroid hormone, secreted by prothoracic glands, that triggers molting in arthropods
22020469	thymosin	an actin-binding protein in cells
22020470	hCG	human chorionic gonadotropin; hormone secreted by chorion that maintains corpus luteum of ovary during first three months of pregnancy
22020471	oxytocin	hormone produced by hypothalamus and released from posterior pituitary; induces contractions of uterine muscles during labor and causes mammary glands to eject milk during nursing
22020472	glucagon	hormone secreted by pancreatic alpha cells that raises blood glucose levels; promotes glycogen breakdown and release of glucose by liver
22020473	PTH	parathyroid hormone; a hormone secreted by the parathyroid glands that raises blood clacium level by promoting calcium release from bone and calcium retention by the kidneys
22020474	calcitonin	hormone secreted by thyroid gland that lowers blood calcium levels by prpomoting calcium deposition in bone and calcium excretion from kidneys; nonessential in adult humans
22020475	ADH	antidiuretic hormone; a peptide hormone, also known as vasopression, that promotes water retention by the kidneys; produced in the hypothalamus and released from the posterior pituitary; also has activities in the brain
22020476	epinephrine	catecholamine that, when secreted as a hormone by adrenal medulla, mediates "fight-orflight" responses to short-term stresses; also released by some neurons as a neurotransmitter; also known as adrenaline
22020477	norepinephrine	catecholamine that is chemically and functionally similar to epinephrine and acts as a hormone or neurotransmitter; also known as noradrenaline
22020478	progesterone	steroid hormone that prepares the uterus for pregnancy; the major progestin in mammals
22020479	androgen	any steroid hormone, such as testosterone, that stimulates the development and maintenance of the male reproductive system and secondary sex characteristics
22020480	estriadol	steroid hormone that stimulates the development and maintenance of the female reproductive system and secondary sex characteristics; the major estrogen in mammals
22020481	corticosteroids	steroid hormones produced and secreted by adrenal cortex
22020482	glucocorticoids	steroid hormones that are secreted by adrenal cortex; influence glucose metabolism and immune function
22020483	mineralocorticoids	steroid hormones secreted by adrenal cortex that regulate salt and water homeostasis
22020484	adrenal gland	one of two endocrine glands located adjacent to the kidneys in mammals; endocrine cells in the outer portion (cortex) respond to ACTH by secreting steroid hormones that help maintain homeostasis during long-term stress; neurosecretory cells in the central portion (medulla) secrete epinephrine and norepinephrine in response to nervous inputs triggered by short-term stress
22020485	adenohypophysis	see anterior pituitary
22020486	neurohypophysis	see posterior pitui hypothalamus
22020487	anterior pituitary	also called the adenohypophysis; portion of the pituitary that develops from nonneural tissue; consists of endocrine cells that synthesize and secrete several tropic and nontropic hormones
22020488	posterior pituitary	also called the neurohypophysis; an extension of the hypothalamus composed of nervous tissue that secrets oxytocin and antidiuretic hormone made in the hypothalamus; a temporary storage site for these hormones