Ap Bio Chapter 9

207179719	acetyl CoA	Acetyl coenzyme A; the entry compound for the citric acid cycle in cellular respiration, formed from a fragment of pyruvate attached to a coenzyme.
207179720	aerobic	Containing oxygen; referring to an organism, environment, or cellular process that requires oxygen.
207179721	alcohol fermentation	The conversion of pyruvate to carbon dioxide and ethyl alcohol.
207179722	anaerobic	Lacking oxygen; referring to an organism, environment, or cellular process that lacks oxygen and may be poisoned by it.
207179723	ATP synthase	A cluster of several membrane proteins found in the mitochondrial crista (and bacterial plasma membrane) that function in chemiosmosis with adjacent electron transport chains, using the energy of a hydrogen ion concentration gradient to make ATP. ATP synthases provide a port through which hydrogen ions diffuse into the matrix of a mitrochondrion.
207179724	beta oxidation	A metabolic sequence that breaks fatty acids down to two-carbon fragments that enter the citric acid cycle as acetyl CoA.
207179725	cellular respiration	The most prevalent and efficient catabolic pathway for the production of ATP, in which oxygen is consumed as a reactant along with the organic fuel.
207179726	chemiosmosis	An energy-coupling mechanism that uses energy stored in the form of a hydrogen ion gradient across a membrane to drive cellular work, such as the synthesis of ATP. Most ATP synthesis in cells occurs by chemiosmosis.
207179727	citric acid cycle	A chemical cycle involving eight steps that completes the metabolic breakdown of glucose molecules to carbon dioxide; occurs within the mitochondrion; the second major stage in cellular respiration.
207179728	cytochrome	An iron-containing protein, a component of electron transport chains in mitochondria and chloroplasts.
207179729	electron transport chain	A sequence of electron carrier molecules (membrane proteins) that shuttle electrons during the redox reactions that release energy used to make ATP.
207179730	facultative anaerobe	An organism that makes ATP by aerobic respiration if oxygen is present but that switches to fermentation under anaerobic conditions.
207179731	fermentation	A catabolic process that makes a limited amount of ATP from glucose without an electron transport chain and that produces a characteristic end product, such as ethyl alcohol or lactic acid.
207179732	glycolysis	The splitting of glucose into pyruvate. Glycolysis is the one metabolic pathway that occurs in all living cells, serving as the starting point for fermentation or aerobic respiration.
207179733	lactic acid fermentation	The conversion of pyruvate to lactate with no release of carbon dioxide.
207179734	NAD+	Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide, a coenzyme present in all cells that helps enzymes transfer electrons during the redox reactions of metabolism.
207179735	oxidation	The loss of electrons from a substance involved in a redox reaction.
207179736	oxidative phosphorylation	The production of ATP using energy derived from the redox reactions of an electron transport chain.
207179737	oxidizing agent	The electron acceptor in a redox reaction.
207179738	proton-motive force	The potential energy stored in the form of an electrochemical gradient, generated by the pumping of hydrogen ions across biological membranes during chemiosmosis.
207179739	redox reaction	A chemical reaction involving the transfer of one or more electrons from one reactant to another; also called oxidation-reduction reaction.
207179740	reducing agent	The electron donor in a redox reaction.
207179741	reduction	The addition of electrons to a substance involved in a redox reaction.
207179742	substrate-level phosphorylation	The formation of ATP by directly transferring a phosphate group to ADP from an intermediate substrate in catabolism.