AP World Ch 23-24 Terms Flashcards

344316776	population revolution	huge growth in population in Western Europe beginning about 1730; prelude to industrialization.	0
344316777	Proto-industrialization	preliminary shift away from an agricultural economy; workers become full or part-time producers who worked at home in a capitalist system in which materials, work, orders, and sales depended on urban merchants; prelude to the Industrial Revolution.	1
344316778	American Revolution	rebellion of the British American Atlantic seaboard colonies; ended with the formation of the independent United States.	2
344316779	French Revolution	overthrow of the Bourbon monarchy through a revolution beginning in 1789; created a republic and eventually ended with Napoleon's French empire; the source of many liberal movements and constitutions in Europe.	3
344316780	Louis XVI	Bourbon ruler of France who was executed during the radical phase of the French Revolution.	4
344316781	Declaration of the Rights of Man and the Citizen	adopted during the French Revolution; proclaimed the equality of French citizens; became a source document for later liberal movements.	5
344316782	guillotine	introduced as a method of humane execution; utilized during the French Revolution against thousands of individuals, especially during the Reign of Terror.	6
344316783	Robespierre	leader of the radical phase of the French Revolution; presided over the Reign of Terror; arrested and executed by moderate revolutionaries.	7
344316784	Napoleon Bonaparte	army officer who rose in rank during the wars of the French Revolution; ended the democratic phase of the revolution; became emperor; deposed and exiled in 1815.	8
344316785	Congress of Vienna	met in 1815 after the defeat of France to restore the European balance of power.	9
344316786	liberalism	political ideology that flourished in 19th-century western Europe; stressed limited state interference in private life, representation of the people in government; urged importance of constitutional rule and parliaments.	10
344316787	radicals	followers of a 19th-century western European political emphasis: advocated broader voting rights than liberals; urged reforms favoring the lower classes.	11
344316788	socialism	political ideology in 19th-century Europe; attacked private property in the name of equality; wanted state control of the means of production and an end to the capitalistic exploitation of the working class.	12
344316789	nationalism	European 19th-century viewpoint; often allied with other "isms"; urged the importance of national unity; valued a collective identity based on ethnic origins.	13
344316790	Greek revolution	rebellion of the Greeks against the Ottoman Empire in 1820; a key step in the disintegration of the Turkish Balkan empire.	14
344316791	French revolution of 1830	second revolution against the Bourbon dynasty; a liberal movement which created a bourgeois government under a moderate monarchy.	15
344316792	Belgian Revolution of 1830	produced Belgian independence from the Dutch; established a constitutional monarchy.	16
344316793	Reform Bill of 1832	British legislation that extended the vote to most male members of the middle class.	17
344316794	James Watt	devised a steam engine in the 1770s that could be used for production in many industries; a key step in the Industrial Revolution.	18
344316795	factory system	intensification of all of the processes of production at a single site during the Industrial Revolution; involved greater organization of labor and increased discipline.	19
344316796	Luddites	workers in Britain who responded to the replacement of their labor by machines during the Industrial Revolution by attempting to destroy machines; named after the fictional worker Ned Ludd.	20
344316797	Chartist Movement	unsuccessful attempt by British artisans and workers to gain the vote during the 1840s.	21
344316798	French Revolution of 1848	overthrew the French monarchy established in 1830; briefly established the 2nd French Republic.	22
344316799	Revolutions of 1848	he nationalist and liberal movements within the Habsburg Empire (Italy, Germany, Austria, Hungary); after temporary success they were suppressed.	23
344316800	Louis Pasteur	discoverer of germs and of the purifying process named after him.	24
344316801	Benjamin Disraeli	British politician; granted the vote to working-class males in 1867; an example of conservative politicians keeping stability through reform.	25
344316802	Camillo di Cavour	architect of Italian unification in 1858; created a constitutional Italian monarchy under the King of Piedmont.	26
344316803	Otto von Bismarck	conservative prime minister of Prussia; architect of German unification under the Prussian king in 1871; utilized liberal reforms to maintain stability.	27
344316804	American Civil War (1861-1865)	fought to prevent secession of the southern states; the first war to incorporate the products and techniques of the Industrial Revolution; resulted in the abolition of slavery and the reunification of the United States.	28
344316805	transformismo	political system in Italy that allied conservative and liberals in support of the status quo.	29
344316806	"social question"	issues relating to workers and women, in western Europe during the Industrial Revolution; became more critical than constitutional issues after 1870.	30
344316807	Karl Marx	German socialist who saw history as a class struggle between groups out of power and those controlling the means of production; preached the inevitability of social revolution and the creation of a proletarian dictatorship	31
344316808	revisionism	socialist thought that disagreed with Marx's formulation; believed that social and economic progress could be achieved through existing political institutions.	32
344316809	feminist movements	sought legal and economic gains for women, among them equal access to professions and higher education; came to concentrate on the right to vote; won initial support from middle-class women	33
344316810	mass leisure culture	an aspect of the later Industrial Revolution; decreased time at work and offered opportunities for new forms of leisure time, such as vacation trips and team sports.	34
344316811	Charles Darwin	biologist who developed the theory of evolution of species; argued that all living forms evolved through the successful ability to adapt in a struggle for survival.	35
344316812	Albert Einstein	formulated mathematical theories to explain the behavior of planetary motion and the movement of electrical particles; about 1900 issued the theory of relativity.	36
344316813	Sigmund Freud	Viennese physician who developed theories of the workings of the human unconscious; argued that behavior is determined by impulses.	37
344316814	Romanticism	19th western European artistic and literary movement; held that emotion and impression, not reason, were the keys to the mysteries of human experience and nature; sought to portray passions, not calm reflection.	38
344316815	American exceptionalism	historical argument that the development of the United States was largely individualistic and that contact with Europe was incidental to American formation.	39
344316816	Triple Alliance	alliance between Germany, Austria-Hungary, and Italy at the end of the 19th century; part of the European balance of power system before World War I.	40
344316817	Triple Entente	agreement between Britain, Russia, and France in 1907; part of the European balance of power system before World War I.	41
344316818	Balkan nationalism	movements to create independent states and reunite ethnic groups in the Balkans; provoked crises within the European alliance system that ended with the outbreak of World War I.	42
344316819	Kingdom of Mataram	controlled most of interior Java in the 17th century; weakness of the state after the 1670s allowed the Dutch to expand their control over all of Java.	43
344316820	sepoys	Indian troops, trained in European style, serving the French and British.	44
344316821	Raj	the British political establishment in India.	45
344316822	Plassey (1757)	battle between the troops of the British East India Company and an Indian army under Siraj-ud-daula, ruler of Bengal; British victory gave them control of northeast India.	46
344316823	Robert Clive	architect of British victory at Plassey; established foundations of the Raj in northern India.	47
344316824	Presidencies	three districts that comprised the bulk of British ruled territories in India during the early 19th century; capitals at Calcutta, Madras, and Bombay.	48
344316825	Princely States	ruled by Indian princes allied with the Raj; agents of the East India Company were stationed at their courts to ensure loyalty.	49
344316826	nabobs	name given to Britons who went to India to make fortunes through graft and exploitation; returned to Britain to live richly.	50
344316827	Charles Cornwallis	British official who reformed East India Company corruption during the 1790s.	51
344316828	Isandhlwana (1879)	Zulu defeat of a British army; one of the few indigenous victories over 19th-century European armies.	52
344316829	tropical dependencies	Western European possessions in Africa, Asia, and the South Pacific where small numbers of Europeans ruled large indigenous populations.	53
344316830	White Dominions	a type of settlement colony - as in North America and Australia - where European settlers made up the majority of the population.	54
344316831	settler colonies	colonies - as South Africa, New Zealand, Algeria, Kenya, and Hawaii - where minority European populations lived among majority indigenous peoples.	55
344316832	white racial supremacy	belief in the inherent superiority of whites over the rest of humanity; peaked in the period before World War I.	56
344316833	Great Trek	migration into the South African interior of thousands of Afrikaners seeking to escape British control.	57
344316834	Boer republics	independent states - the Orange Free State and Transvaal; - established during the 1850s in the South African interior by Afrikaners.	58
344316835	Cecil Rhodes	British entrepreneur in South Africa; manipulated political situation to gain entry to the diamonds and gold discovered in the Boer republics.	59
344316836	Boer War (1899-1902)	fought between the British and Afrikaners; British victory and post-war policies left African, population of South Africa under Afrikaner control.	60
344316837	James Cook	his voyages to Hawaii from 1777 to 1779 opened the islands to the West.	61
344316838	Kamehameha	Hawaiian prince; with British backing he created a unified kingdom by 1810; promoted the entry of Western ideas in commerce and social relations.	62
344316839	Great Mahele	Hawaiian edict issued in 1848 that imposed Western property concepts; that resulted in much Hawaiian land passed to Western commercial interests.	63