Period 6 Vocabulary (1st Half) Flashcards

351673362	Alexander Kerensky	Leader of the provisional government in Russia after the fall of the tsar; kept Russia in World War I and resisted major reforms; overthrown by Bolsheviks at the end of 1917.	0
351673363	Anschluss	Hitler's union with Austria.	1
351673364	Appeasement	Britain and France's policy of compromise with Hitler and Mussolini.	2
351673365	Axis Powers	Germany, Italy, Spain, & Friends	3
351673366	Battle of Midway	Turning point of the Pacific theater in World War II. Japanese advances halted after this battle.	4
351673367	Battle of Stalingrad	Battle were German advances in Russia were stopped, Germans underestimated the Russian winter	5
351673368	Battle of the Bulge	Last German offensive on the Western Front in World War II. Its failure hastened German defeat.	6
351673369	Benito Mussolini	Founder and dictator of the Fascist Party in Italy.	7
351673370	Berlin Wall	Barrier built by the U.S.S.R. in 1961 in East Germany to keep that nation's subjects from fleeing to liberty in West Berlin.	8
351673371	Blitzkrieg	Fast-moving "lightning war" used by Germany to invade its neighbors in World War II.	9
351673372	Bolsheviks	Literally "majority" party, but actually a political group backed by a minority of the population; the most radical branch of the Russian Marxist movement; led by Lenin.	10
351673373	Chiang Kai-Shek	Successor to Sun as leader of the Nationalists; fierce opponent of the Communists, yet he formed an alliance with them to fight Japan.	11
351673374	Collectivization	Soviet policy of eliminating private ownership of farmland and creating large state-run farms.	12
351673375	Comintern	International office of communism under U.S.S.R. dominance established to encourage the formation of Communist parties in Europe and the world.	13
351673376	Cristeros	Conservative peasant movement in the 1920s in Mexico; backed by the Catholic church and many politicians; resisted the secularization of the culture and government.	14
351673377	Eastern Bloc	Soviet allies in eastern Europe, including Bulgaria, Poland, East Germany, Czechoslovakia, Romania, and Hungary.	15
351673378	Emiliano Zapata	Mexican revolutionary who led guerrilla fighting in the South; motto was "Tierra y Libertad"; demanded land reform.	16
351673379	European Union	Final name of the Common Market; an economic and, later, political movement in Europe that supported free markets to compete with the U.S.	17
351673380	Fascism	Nationalist political form that featured an authoritarian leader, aggressive foreign policy, and government-guided economics	18
351673381	Final Solution	Nazi Germany's policy that led to the death of about 6 million Jews in what came to be known as the Holocaust.	19
351673382	Five Year Plans	a series of nation-wide centralized economic plans developed by a state planning committee	20
351717283	Franklin Roosevelt	American president during the Great Depression, instituted the New Deal	21
351717284	Gestapo	Hitler's secret police that imprisoned and killed his real and imagined opposition.	22
351717285	Guomindang	Chinese Nationalist Party	23
351717286	Harry Truman	U.S. president after Franklin Roosevelt in the early years of the cold war. His foreign policy was to contain Communism through diplomacy and military strength.	24
351717287	Iron Curtain	Term coined by British P.M. Churchill to describe the political division of Europe between free (western Europe) and repressed (eastern Europe) during the cold war.	25
351717288	Joseph Stalin	Gained undisputed control of the U.S.S.R. after Lenin's death; installed the nationalistic "socialism in one country" program, collectivization, and widespread purges.	26
351717289	Juan Peron	Argentina's leader who, like Vargas, nationalized key industries and led through a combination of charisma and intimidation.	27
351717290	Kulaks	The relatively wealthy peasants in the Soviet Union who were starved and murdered by the millions under Stalin's direction.	28
351717291	Leon Trotsky	Lenin deputy who organized the Red Army during the civil war	29
351717292	Long March	To escape the Nationalists, 90,000 Mao supporters traveled thousands of miles in 1934 to remote regions; solidified Mao's leadership and created much of his myth.	30
351717293	Manchuria	Resource rich area of northeastern China	31
351717294	Marshall Plan	U.S. aid to western Europe after World War II helped it recover and concurrently staved off Communist inroads made in the interim.	32
351717295	May Fourth Movement	Popular 1919 uprising in China against Japanese interference and for Western-style government that featured intellectuals and students as its leaders; sank under the weight of problems facing China in the early 20th century.	33
351717296	Mexican Revolution	Fought over a period of almost 10 years from 1910; resulted in ouster of Porfirio Díaz from power; opposition forces led by Pancho Villa and Emiliano Zapata.	34
351717297	NAZI	Under the guise of political unity, they forged a totalitarian state.	35
351717298	NATO	U.S.-led alliance including western Europe, Canada, and Turkey against Soviet aggression there.	36
351717299	Neville Chamberlain	Britsh Prime Minister who pursued a policy of appeasement against Hitler	37
351717300	New Deal	The United States' answer to the Great Depression, consisting of government assistance to people affected by the crisis and of government reform of economic institutions	38
351717301	Nikita Khrushchev	Leader of U.S.S.R. after Stalin's death. Criticized his predecessor's abuses, signaling a bit of a thaw in the cold war. After backing down in the Cuban Missile Crisis, he was removed from power and exiled within the U.S.S.R.	39
351717302	Pancho Villa	Mexican revolutionary who led guerrilla fighting in the North; pursued unsuccessfully by the U.S. government in 1913.	40
351717303	Porfirio Diaz	Mexico's long-serving dictator who resisted political reforms; his policies triggered the Mexican Revolution.	41
351717304	Potsdam Conference	Final Allied war conference in which the Soviet Union pledged to enter the war against Japan.	42
351717305	Red Army	Military organization constructed under leadership of Leon Trotsky, Bolshevik follower of Lenin; made use of people of humble background.	43
351717306	Russian Civil War	Millions died in the struggle between the Reds (pro-Communist forces) and Whites (an amalgam of non-Communists); the Reds won	44
351717307	Solidarity	Trade union movement in Poland that developed into a political pressure group that supported reforms from the Communist leadership.	45
351717308	Spanish Civil War	Fascists led by General Franco fought supporters of the existing republic in the 1930s; Germany and Italy aided the victorious Franco.	46
351717309	Sun Yat-sen	Western-educated leader of the Revolutionary Alliance, the Guomindang, and at times, China, in the 1910s and 1920s; struggled with warlords for control of the nation.	47
351717310	Tehran Conference	Allied war conference where later Cold War tensions first appeared.	48
351717311	Total War	Concept in warfare in which all the industrial and civilian might of a nation is linked to strategy and tactics on the battlefield.	49
351717312	United Nations	Successor to the League of Nations, this U.S.-backed international organization had more success in all ways than its predecessor.	50
351717313	Victoriano Huerta	Sought to impose a Díaz-type dictatorship; forced from power by Villa and Zapata.	51
351717314	Warsaw Pact	Soviet response to NATO.	52
351717315	Welfare State	State-run "cradle to grave" care that developed in western Europe and spread in varying forms to the U.S., Canada, Australia, and New Zealand.	53
351717316	Whampoa Military Academy	Established in China with Soviet help; it gave the Nationalists a military dimension previously missing; first leader was Chiang Kai-shek.	54
351717317	Winston Churchill	Inspirational leader of Britain in World War II, coined the phrase "Iron Curtain"	55
351717318	Yalta Conference	Most significant of the Allied war conferences; divided post-Nazi Europe and set the stage for Soviet-U.S. tensions for the next 45 years	56