Emma AP World History Chapter 29 Flashcards

346240668	Kellogg-Briand Pact	A multinational treaty sponsored by American and French diplomats that outlawed war; an example of the optimism that existed during part of the 1920s	0
346240669	The Roaring Twenties	Great social and economic changes were the hallmark of this decade	1
346240670	Cubist Movement	Artistic style rendering familiar objects in geometric shapes; headed by Pablo Picasso, who was influenced by African art	2
346240671	Fascism	Nationalist political form that featured an authoritarian leader, aggressive foreign policy, and government-guided economics; started in Italy	3
346240672	Benito Mussolini	Founder and dictator of the Fascist Party in Italy	4
346240673	Settler Societies	Australia, Canada, and New Zealand; forged separate "autonomous communities" within the British empire, called the British Commonwealth of Nations	5
346240674	Porfirio Díaz	Mexico's long-serving dictator who resisted political reforms; his policies triggered the Mexican Revolution	6
346240675	Pancho Villa	Mexican revolutionary who led guerrilla fighting in the North; pursued unsuccessfully by the U.S. government in 1913	7
346240676	Emiliano Zapata	Mexican revolutionary who led guerrilla fighting in the South; motto was "Tierra y Libertad"; demanded land reform	8
346240677	Soldaderas	Women who were guerrilla fighters in the Mexican Revolution	9
346240678	Victoriano Huerta	Sought to impose a Díaz-type dictatorship; forced from power by Villa and Zapata	10
346240679	Alvaro Obregon	Emerged as Mexico's leader at the end of the revolution; wrote a new constitution that promised land reforms	11
346240680	Diego Rivera	World-renowned artist who depicted glorified versions of Mexico's Indian heritage and potential Marxist future in murals	12
346240681	Cristeros	Conservative peasant movement in the 1920s in Mexico; backed by the Catholic church and many politicians; resisted the secularization of the culture and government	13
346240682	Party of the Institutionalized Revolution (PRI)	This Mexican political party dominated politics from the 1930s to the end of the century	14
346240683	Alexander Kerensky	Leader of the provisional government in Russia after the fall of the tsar; kept Russia in World War I and resisted major reforms; overthrown by Bolsheviks at the end of 1917	15
346240684	Bolsheviks	Violent, radical wing of the Social Democrats in Russia, led by Vladimir Lenin; took power from provisional government; later renamed "Communists."	16
346240685	Russian Civil War (1918-1921)	Millions died in the struggle between the Reds (pro-Communist forces) and Whites (an amalgam of non-Communists); the Reds won, largely because of the organizational skills of Leon Trotsky	17
346240686	Leon Trotsky	Lenin deputy who organized the Red Army during the civil war and later lost a power struggle to Stalin	18
346240687	New Economic Policy	Lenin's temporary measure that allowed some capitalism within a Communist framework; food production increased under this program; ended by Stalin	19
346240688	Union of Soviet Socialist Republics	Name of the Moscow-based multiethnic Communist regime from 1923 to 1991	20
346240689	Supreme Soviet	Parliament under the U.S.S.R. that had many of the trappings but few of the powers of its Western counterparts	21
346240690	Joseph Stalin	Assistant to Lenin who beat out Trotsky for undisputed control of the U.S.S.R. after Lenin's death; installed the nationalistic "socialism in one country" program, collectivization, and widespread purges	22
346240691	Sun Yat-sen	Western-educated leader of the Revolutionary Alliance, the Guomindang, and at times, China, in the 1910s and 1920s; struggled with warlords for control of the nation	23
346240692	May Fourth Movement	Popular 1919 uprising in China against Japanese interference and for Western-style government that featured intellectuals and students as its leaders; sank under the weight of problems facing China in the early 20th century	24
346240693	Li Dazhao	Headed Marxist study circle at University of Beijing; saw peasants as harbingers of Communist revolution in China; influenced Mao Zedong	25
346240694	Mao Zedong	Leader of Chinese Communist Party and eventual dictator of that country	26
346240695	Guomindang	Nationalist party in China; it was the Communist Party's greatest rival, yet the Guomindang and Communists forged an alliance against Japanese aggression; the ruling party in mainland China until 1949, it failed to implement most of the domestic programs it proposed	27
346240696	Whampoa Military Academy	Established in China with Soviet help; it gave the Nationalists a military dimension previously missing; first leader was Chiang Kai-shek	28
346240697	Chiang Kai-shek	Successor to Sun as leader of the Nationalists; fierce opponent of the Communists, yet he formed an alliance with them to fight Japan	29
346240698	Long March	To escape the Nationalists, 90,000 Mao supporters traveled thousands of miles in 1934 to remote regions; solidified Mao's leadership and created much of his myth	30
346240699	Mexican Revolution	Fought over a period of almost 10 years from 1910; resulted in ouster of Porfirio Díaz from power; opposition forces led by Pancho Villa and Emiliano Zapata	31
346240700	Mexican Constitution of 1917	Promised land reform, limited foreign ownership of key resources, guaranteed the rights of workers, and placed restrictions on clerical education; marked formal end of Mexican Revolution	32
346240701	Red Army	Military organization constructed under leadership of Leon Trotsky, Bolshevik follower of Lenin; made use of people of humble background	33
346240702	Comintern	International office of communism under U.S.S.R. dominance established to encourage the formation of Communist parties in Europe and the world	34
346240703	Lázaro Cárdenas	President of Mexico from 1934 to 1940; responsible for redistribution of land, primarily to create ejidos, or communal farms; also began program of primary and rural education	35
346240704	Great Depression	Worldwide economic collapse that began in late 1929 and continued until the outset of World War II	36
346240705	Socialism in one country	Stalin's program to build a self-sufficient Communist state based on industrial production	37
346240706	Popular Front	Liberal, socialist, and Communist parties in France that forged a short-lived alliance in the 1930s	38
346240707	New Deal	The United States' answer to the Great Depression, consisting of government assistance to people affected by the crisis and of government reform of economic institutions	39
346240708	Nazi	Hitler's National Socialist German Workers' Party; under the guise of political unity, the Nazis forged a totalitarian state	40
346240709	Gestapo	Hitler's secret police	41
346240710	Anschluss	Hitler's union with Austria	42
346240711	Appeasement	Britain and France's policy of compromise with Hitler and Mussolini	43
346240712	Spanish Civil War	Fascists led by General Franco fought supporters of the existing republic in the 1930s; Germany and Italy aided the victorious Franco	44
346240713	Import Substitution Industrialization	Cut off from supplies it had imported before the Great Depression, Latin America began to produce for itself through the rapid expansion of industrialization	45
346240714	Getulio Vargas	President of Brazil who imposed a pro-Western Fascist-like authoritarian regime	46
346240715	Juan Peron	Argentina's leader who, like Vargas, nationalized key industries and led through a combination of charisma and intimidation	47
346240716	Kulaks	The relatively wealthy peasants in the Soviet Union who were starved and murdered by the millions under Stalin's direction	48
346240717	Collectivization	Soviet policy of eliminating private ownership of farmland and creating large state-run farms	49
346240718	Five-Year Plan	State planning of industrial production in the Soviet Union	50
346240719	Socialist Realism	School of art in the U.S.S.R. that emphasized heroic idealizations of workers, soldiers, and peasants	51
346240720	Politburo	"Political Bureau" in the U.S.S.R. that was titularly the executive committee but in reality was, especially under Stalin, a rubber-stamp organization	52