APHUG ch. 8

288760568	political geography	study of the political organization of the world
288760569	state	politically organized territory with defined territory, permanent population, and government
288760570	territoriality	the attempt by an individual or group to delimit and assert control over a geographic area
288760571	sovereignty	having the last say (politically and militarily) over a territory, control
288760572	territorial integrity	the right of a state to defend its sovereign territory against other states
288760573	Peace of Westphalia	treaty that ended the 30 Years War in Europe (1648) and marks the beginning of the modern state
288760574	mercantilism	a competitive system based on accumulation of wealth through plunder, colonization and the protection of home industries and markets - associated with 16th to 18th Century Europe
288760575	nation	culturally defined group of people with a shared past and common future who relate to a territory and have political goals
288760576	nation-state	politically organized area in which nation and state share the same space
288760577	democracy	the idea that the people have the ultimate say over what happens within the state
288760578	multinational state	state with more than one nation within its borders
288760579	multistate nation	when a nation stretches across borders and states
288760580	stateless nation	a nation that does not have a state
288760581	colonialism	rule by an autonomous power over an alien people and place - associated with Europe
288760582	scale	representation of real world phenomena at a certain level of reduction or generalization - figuratively, how "zoomed in" you are
288760583	capitalism	economic model within which people, corporations and states produce goods and exchange them on the world market for profit
288760584	commodification	placing a price on a good and then buying, selling and trading the good
288760585	core	as defined by Wallerstein's World Systems Theory, places and process that incorporate higher levels of education, higher salaries, more technology and generate more wealth in the world economy
288760586	periphery	as defined by Wallerstein's World Systems Theory, places and processes that incorporate lower levels of education, lower salaries and less technology and generate less wealth in the world economy
288760587	semi-periphery	as defined by Wallerstein's World Systems Theory, places where both core and periphery processes
288760588	centripetal	forces within the state that unify the people
288760589	centrifugal	forces within the state that divide the people
288760590	unitary	highly centralized governments with the capital city as the focus of power
288760591	federal	organizing territory (and government power) into regions, substates (state, provinces or cantons)
288760592	devolution	reduction of power of a central government - a continuum ranging from decentralization to secession
288760593	territorial representation	political representatives are elected from territorially defined districts
288760594	reapportionment	decennial process by which seats in the U.S. House of Representatives are distributed, based on U.S. Census results
288760595	splitting	diluting racial or ethnic minority voters by distributing them among political districts to ensure a white majority in each district
288760596	majority-minority districts	packed political districts where a majority of the population is from a racial or ethnic minority
288760597	gerrymandering	drawing boundaries of political districts in such a way that one political party has an unfair advantage
288760598	boundary	between states - a vertical plane that cuts through subsoil and extends into airspace
288760599	geometric boundary	boundary drawn using a grid system such as latitude and longitude
288760600	physical-political boundary	boundaries that follow an agreed upon physical feature
288760601	heartland theory	MacKinder's geopolitical theory - he said whoever controlled the Eurasian "heartland" would control the world
288760602	critical geopolitics	people construct ideas about places that have the power to influence political behavior and public policy (for example, President Reagan called the Soviet Union "The Evil Empire")
288760603	unilateralism	world order in which one state is in a position of dominance, with others following
288760604	supranational organization	3 or more states cooperating politically, economically, etc. to promote shared objectives - examples United Nations, European Union