Ap psych

303217272	nature/nurture,continuity/stages,stability/change	three major issues to consider during development
303217273	conception	sperm and egg are fertilized to create a person
303217274	zygote	fertilized egg that divide then attach to the uterine wall after approximately 10 days
303217275	embryo	the inner cells of the zygote. after 6 weeks, the heart begins to develop
303217276	fetus	after 9 weeks, the embryo takes on human shape
303217277	terrategen	harmful chemicals or viruses that reach the embryo or fetus during pregnancy
303217278	fetal alcohol syndrome	physical and cognitive abnormalities caused by pregnant womans drinking
303217279	rooting reflex	babys tendency when touched on the cheek, turn to the touch, and open mouth to look for nipple
303217280	maturation	biological growth processes that enable orderly changes in behavior, relatively uninfluenced by experience.
303217281	infantile amnesia	cant remember before 3 years
303217282	schema	concept or framework that organizes and interprets information
303217283	assimilation	we interpret new experiences in terms of our current understandings
303217284	accomodation	we adjust our understandings (schemas) to fit the details of new experiences
303217285	cognition	all mental activities associated with thinking, knowing, remembering, and communicating
303217286	object permanence	awareness that things continue to exist when percieved
303217287	egocentricism	childs difficulty of taking another point of view
303217288	conservation	quantity remains same despite changes in shape
303217289	sensimotor	birth to nearly two years; looking, touching, mouthing (object permanence, stranger anxiety)
303217290	peroperational	representing things with words and images -pretend play -language development -egocentrism -2- 6 or 7 years old
303217291	concrete operational	Piaget's stage for children aged 7-11 that is characterized by increased logical thougt and organization -conservation -mathematical translation
303217292	formal operational	Piaget's fourth and final stage of cognitive development, from age 11 or 12 and beyond, when the individual begins to think more rationally and systematically about abstract concepts and hypothetical events.
303217293	attatchment bond	emotional tie with a person
303217294	familiarity	children like reading the same books, watch same movies, same food, and live in familiar neighborhoods
303217295	puberty	period of sexual motivation, during which a person becomes capable of reproducing
303217296	primary sex characteristics	reproductive parts
303217297	secondary sex characteristics	nonreproductive parts
303217298	preconventional morality	before age 9, children show morality to avoid punishment or gain reward
303217299	conventional morality	By early adolescence, morality focuses on caring for others and on upholding laws and social rules, simply because they are the laws and rules
303217300	postconventional morality	affirms peoples agreed upon rights or follows what one personally percieves as basic ethical principles
303217301	social contract	rules are considered flexible
303217302	Erik Erikson	known for identity
303217303	intamacy	ability to form close lovin relationships
303217304	menopause	time of natural cessation (stopping) to menustration -reduction in estrogen
303217305	alzheimers disease	progressive and irreversible brain disorder with gradual deteriation of memory, reasoning, language, and physical functions
303217306	social clock	culturally preferred timing of events such as marriage, parenthood, and retirement
303217307	midlife crisis	when you enter 40, men realize most of their life is behind them
303217308	trust vs. mistrust	Erikson's first stage during the first year of life, infants learn to trust when they are cared for in a consistent warm manner -birth to 18 months
303217309	autonomy vs. shame	Erikson's second stage during years 2-3 Children attempt to be independent and make choices regarding freedom and self restraint. If they are unsuccessful or dissapoint their parents, they learn shame. -18 months to 3 years
303217310	initiative vs. guilt	Erikson's third stage in which the child finds independence in planning, playing and other activities -3 to 6 years
303217311	industry vs. inferiority	Erikson's theory (level) School age (6-12 years). Important Events: School. Children need to cope with new social & academic demands. Success leads to a sense of competence, while failure results in feelings of not being as good as others. -6 to 12 years
303217312	intimacy vs. isolation	Eriskon's sixth stage. The major task is to achieve intimacy (deeply caring about others and having meaningful experiences with them). Otherwise, we experience isolation, feeling alone and uncared for in life -young adulthood
303217313	identity vs. role confusion	Erikson's stage during which teenagers and young adults search for and become their true selves -adolescence
303217314	generativity vs. stagnation	Erikson's stage of social development in which middle-aged people begin to devote themselves more to fulfilling family or they stagnate. -middle adulthood
303217315	ego integrity vs. despair	(Erikson) People in late adulthood either achieve a sense of integrity of the self by accepting the lives they have lived or yield to despair that their lives cannot be relived -late adulthood
303220862	imprinting	describe any kind of learning that occurs at a particular age or stage of development. An organism recognizing the characteristics of certain stimuli that are subsequently "imprinted" onto the subject.
303274395	mania	mood disorder marked by hyperactive wildly optimistic state
303274396	bipolar disorder	alternating between the hopelessness of depression and the overexcited state of mania
303274397	depression	little serotonin causes ______________
303274398	mania	lots of norepinephrine causes _____________
303274399	selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor	stops the reuptake process so neurotransmittors go into right place
303274400	schizophrenia	split mind. delusions, hallucinations, word salad, disorganized behavior, decreased emotional expression, thought, atten, perceptions, motor disorders, emotional disorders
303274401	delusions	thought with no basis with reality
303274402	hallucinations	sensory experiences (usually hearing things)
303274403	catatonic	no physical activity, like a statue
303274404	flat effect	zero emotion or 100% emotion
303274405	delusions of control	aliens or government are controlling you by putting tech chips inside you
303274406	delusions of paranoia	fear that people are out to get you
303274407	delusions of reference	everyone around you is talking about you
303274408	nihilstic delusions	believe you or the world is cease to exist
303274409	psychotherapy	interaction between a trained therapist and a person who suffers from psychological difficulties
303274410	biomedical therapy	prescribed medications or medical procesdures that act directly on the patients nervous system
303274411	psychoanalysis	freuds approach to therapy that uses free association, resistances, dreams, and transferences to analyze repressed childhood feelings -meets several times a week for years
303274412	transference	feelings you transfer towards your analyst are the feelings you had for a family member in the past
303274413	electric therapy	ECT - sends a tiny shockwave of electricity to the brain * only effective when used to treat severe depression
303274414	psychodynamic therapy	tries to understand a patients current symptoms by focusing on themes across important relationships. -meets once a week for a few weeks
303274415	interpersonal psychotherapy	been proven effective in treating depression in 12-16 weeks
303274416	humanism	psychological approach of finding the healthiest and strongest people to study (Maslow & Rogers)
303274417	client centered therapy	A humanistic therapy, developed by Carl Rogers, in which the therapist uses techniques such as active listening within a genuine, accepting, empathic environment to facilitate clients' growth.
303274418	active listening	empathetic listening in which the listener echoes, restates, and clarifies goal
303274419	behavior therapy	therapy that applies learning principles to the elimination of unwanted behaviors
303274420	counterconditioning	a behavior therapy that condition new responses to stimuli that trigger unwanted behaviors
303274421	exposure therapy	anxiety treatments based on exposing people (gradually) to the things they fear and avoid
303274422	systematic desensitization	a type of counterconditioning that associates a pleasant relaxed state with gradually increasing anxiety-triggering stimuli
303274423	virtual reality exposure therapy	an anxiety treatment that progressively exposes people to simulations of their greatest fears, such as airplane flying, spiders, or public speaking through new technology
303274424	aversive conditioning	type of counterconditioning that associates an unpleasant state with an unwanted behavior
303274425	token economy	tangible rewards that can be turned in later for various privileges or treats
303281429	psychopharmacology	study of drug effects on the mind and behavior
303281430	antipsychotic drugs	drugs that calm and dampen responsiveness to irrelevant stimuli (used for schizophrenia)
303281431	tardive dyskenesia	neurotic effect caused by long term of antipsychotic drugs that involve involuntary movements of face, tongue, and limbs. causes obesity and diabetes
303281432	cognitive therapies	therapies that teaches people new, more adaptive ways of thinking and acting
303281433	stress inoculation training	teaching people to restructure their thinking in stressful situations
303281434	cognitive behavior therapy	changing self-defeating thinking and changing behavior
303281435	light exposure therapy	cures (SAD) seasonal affective disorder by tanning or bright light to expose melatonin
303281436	antianxiety drugs	Medications that relieve tension, apprehension, and nervousness. -Xanax -Adavan
303281437	antidepressants	lift people up from a state of depression -Prozak
303281438	psychosurgery	removes or destroys brain tissue
303281439	lobotomy	brain surgery that cuts the nerve that connects frontal lobe to emotion controlling center of the inner brain
303281440	psychological disorders	deviant, distressful, and dysfunctional behavior patterns
303281441	phillipe pinel	1st to unchain mental patients and actually talk to them
303281442	medical model	idea that mental illnesses can be diagnosed by their symptoms and cured through therapy
303281443	anxiety disorders	distressing, persistent, or maladaptive behavior that reduce anxiety
303281444	generalized anxiety disorder	anxiety disorder in which a person is continuously tense, apprehensive, and in a state of autonomic nervous system arousal.
303281445	panic disorder	unpredictable minute long episodes of intense dread, in which a person experiences terror and accompanying chest pain, choking, or other frightening situations
303281446	agoraphobia	fear of avoidance of situations in which escape is difficult
303281447	phobias	persistent irrational fear
303281448	OCD	unwanted repititive thoughts (obsessions) and actions (compulsions)
303312845	endorphins	natural opiates
303312846	serotonin	-affects sleep, hunger, agression, arousal -depression, anxiety, inhibit dreaming
303312847	gaba	-affect inhibitory effect on axons, sleep, movement, anxiety, epilepsy
303312848	norepinephrine	-affects mood, arousal, learning, depression
303312849	dopamine	-affects mood/emotion, arousal, learning, parkinsons, schizophrenia
303312850	acetylcholine	-affects attention, aroousal, muscle action/movement, memory, alzheimers
303312851	motivation	need or desire that energies or directs behavior
303312852	motive	reason or purpose for behavior
303312853	instinct	unborn, unlearned, fixed pattern of behavior that is biologically determined and is characterized of an entire species
303312854	instinct theory	no longer acceptable, but, the assumption that genes predispose, that species typical behavior remain strong
303312855	drive reduction theory	the idea that a physiological need creates an aroused tension state (a drive) that motivates an organism to satisfy the need
303312856	homeostasis	tendency to maintain a balanced internal state
303312857	drive	psychological state of tension or arousal that motivates activities to reduce this tension and restore homeostasis
303312858	incentive theory	proposes that external stimuli regulate motivational stages and that human behavior is goal directed
303312859	incentives	positive or negative stimuli that repel or lure us
303312860	arousal theory	the aim of motivation is to maintain an optimum level of arousal
303312861	arousal	persons state of alertness and mental and physical activation
303312862	yerkes dodson law	perform at our best at moderate arousal
303312863	intrinsic motivation	desire to perform an activity for itself because we find it inherently enjoyable
303312864	extrinsic	opposite of intrisic. doing an activity to obtain reward or avoid consequence
303377364	neuron	unit of structure and function of the nervous system -basic building of the nervous system -brain cells
303377365	cell body (soma)	contains nucleus, with all mitochrondria -cell life support system
303377366	dendrites	bushy branching extensions of a neuron that recieve messages and conduct impulses toward the cell body
303377367	axon	carries the message away from the cell body down to other neurons, muscles, or glands
303377368	myelin sheath	fatty tissues that surrounds the axon that helps speed up the impulses and sens messages faster
303377369	action potential	brief electric charge that travels down the axon where sense receptors are stimulated by pressure, heat, or light, or when stimulated by a chemical message from a neighboring neuron
303377370	ions	electrically charged atoms in the neuron
303377371	threshold	level of stimulation required to trigger a neural impulse
303377372	synapse	space between the axon tip of one neuron and the dendrite of another neuron -also called synpatic gap or cleft
303377373	neurotransmitters	chemical messages that travel across the synaptic gap between neurons
303377374	reuptake	excess neurotransmitters are absorbed by the sending neuron
303377375	agonist	______ excite -mimic its effect and block the neurotransmitter reuptake -danger: violent muscle contractions, convulsions, death
303377376	antagonist	______ inhibit -danger: paralysis
303377377	nervous system	bodys speedy, electrochemical communication network, consisting of all the nerve cells of the peripheral and central nervous system
303377378	central nervous system	brain and the spinal cord
303377379	peripheral nervous system	sensory and motor neurons that connect the CNS to the rest of the body
303377380	sensory neurons	neurons that carry incoming information from the sense receptors to the central nervous system
303377381	motor neurons	neurons that carry outgoing information from the central nervous system to the muscles and glands
303377382	interneurons	central nervous system neurons that internally communicate and intervene between the sensory inputs and motor output
303377383	somatic nervous system	enables voluntary control of our skeletal muscles
303377384	autonomic nervous system	controls the glands and muscles of our internal organs -controls breathing, heartbeat, and digestion
303377385	limbic system	donut shaped border of the brain between the older parts and the cerebral hemisphere
303377386	amygdala	two limba bean sized neural clusters -influence agression, fear, emotional learning, and memory consolidation
303377387	hypothalamus	lies just below the thalamus -can control hunger, thirst, body temperature, sexal behavior -controls reward center of the brain -4 F's (fight, flight, food, frolick)
303377388	cerebral cortex	intricate fabric of interconnected neural cells that covers the cerebral part -bodys ultimate control and information processing center -contains 20 to 23 billion neurons
303377389	frontal lobe	portion of the cerebral cortex lying just behind the forehead -involved in speaking and muscle movements and in making plans and judgements
303377390	parietal lobe	portion of the cerebral cortex lying at the top of the head toward the rear -recieves the sensory input for touch and body position -enables methamatical and spatial reasoning
303377391	occipital lobe	lies at the back of the head -includes the visual areas which recieve visual information from the opposite visual field
303377392	temporal lobe	lies above ears -includes auditory functions which recieve auditory infor primarily from opposite ear -allows us to recognize faces
303377393	sympathetic nervous system	arouses -accelerates heartbeat, raises blood pressure, slow digestion, raises blood sugar, and cools with perspiration -Fight and Flight
303377394	parasympathetic nervous system	calms (parachute slowly falling) -conserves energy, slows heartbeat, lowers blood sugar
303377395	spinal cord	information highway that connects the PNS to the brain
303377396	reflexes	our autonomic response to stimuli
303377397	neural network	interconnected neural cells that compute stimulations
303377398	endocrine system	bodys slow chemical communication system -a set of glands that secrete hormones into the blood system
303377399	hormones	chemical messengers, originate in one tissue, travel through the bloodstream and affect other tissues, including the brain
303377400	adrenal glands	pair of glands just above the kidneys that release epinephrine or norepinephrine in times of danger directly from the ANS
303377401	pitituatary gland	most influential gland, located in the core of the brain and controlled by the hypothalamus, release hormones that control growth
303377402	eeg	amplified readout of the brain -designed to diagnose epilepsy
303377403	position emission tomography	gives you a 3d image of brain
303377404	magnetic resonance imaging	scans the head with a strong magnetic field which aligns the spinning atoms
303377405	fmri	reveal the brains functioning as well as the structure by watching the flow of blood travel throughout the brain
303377406	brainstem	oldest part and central core of the brain -responsible for autonomic survival functions
303377407	medulla oblongata	base of brain stem -controls heartbeat and breathing (autonomic functions)
303377408	pons	sit just above the medulla _controls breathing, motor control, posture, balance -helps in coordinating movement, regulate sleep, waking and dreaing, respiration, swallowing, bladder control, hearing, taste and eye movement
303377409	reticular formation	lies inside the brainstem between the ears -plays an important role in controlling arousal (cardiovascular control) -sends pain signals and deals with sleep and consciousness
303377410	thalamus	very top of brainstem -par of egg shaped structures -brains sensory switchboard, recieving information from all the senses except smell and routes it to the proper location of the brain
303377411	cerebellum	"little brain attached to the rear of the brainstem -helps judge time, modulate our emotions, and discriminate sound and textures -coordinates voluntary movement and helps with balance
303377412	aphasia	impairment of language -usually caused by left hemisphere damage either to brocas area or wernickes area
303377413	brocas area	controls language expression -area of the frontal lobe, usually in left that directs muscle movement involved in spech
303377414	wernickes area	controls language reception -brain area involved in language comprehension and expression
303377415	brocas aphasia	inability to express language, repetitive speech, or discorded syntax and grammar
303377416	wernickes aphasia	innappropiate words and inability to understand spoken language
303377417	angular gyrus	involved in reading aloud -recieves the visual info from the visual area and recodes it into auditory form -able to speak and understand but unable to read
303377418	plasticity	brains ability to modify itself after some type of damage
303377419	split brain	condition in which two hemispheres of the brain are isolated by cutting hte corpus callosum
303377420	corpus callosum	large band of neural fibers connecting the two brain hemispheres and carrying messages between them
303377421	amygdala	emotional center of the brain
303377422	right prefrontal cortex	disgust, depression and other negative emotions in brain
303377423	left prefrontal cortex	happiness, enthusiasm, energy
303377424	nonverbal communication	body language
303377425	lovers	_______ tend to stare and gaze into each others eyes
303377426	fear anger	______ and _______ are read most from eyes
303377427	happiness	_______ read most from mouth
303377428	catharsis	emotional release
303377429	glucose	simple sugar that provides energy
303377430	glucostats	neurons that monitor glucose levels
303377431	insulin	converts body sugar into stored fat
303377432	hypothalamus	brain sturcture that appears to be primarily response for food intake
303377433	set point theory	each persons body has a fixed number of fat cells
303377434	metabolism	rate that which energy is produced and expanded by the body
303377435	damaged lateral hypothalamus	starve to death, damaged __________ hypothalamus
303377436	stimulated lateral hypothalamus	overeat, stimulated _________ hypothalmus
303377437	damaged ventromedial hypothalamus	overeat, damaged ________ hypothalamus
303377438	stimulated ventromedial hypothalamus	starve to death, stimulated _________ hypothalamus
303377439	anorexia nervosa	eating disorder that is characterized by irrational pursuit of thinness and an over concern with body image and weigh gain
303377440	bulimia nervosa	binge eating
303377441	post traumatic stress disorder	haunting memories, nightmares, social withdrawals, anxiety, and or insomnia that linger for 4 weeks or more after a traumatic event
303377442	stimulus generalization	when one event triggers the fear of something similar
303377443	observational learning	learning fear by seeing others fear
303377444	major depressive disorder	feelings of worthlessness, loss of interest in family, friends, and activities lasting over two weeks and not caused by drugs or medical condition
303377445	dysthymic disorder	down in the dump mood that fills most of the day, everyday, for 2 years or more
303377446	job	neccessary way to make money, but not fullfulling
303377447	career	opportunity to advance from one position to another
303377448	calling	fullfilling and socially useful activity
303377449	flow	losing yourself in an activity where you also lose sense of time
303377450	emotions	mix of physiological arousal, expressive behaviors, and conscience experience including thoughts and feelings
303377451	james lange theory	our experience of emotion is our awareness of our physiological responses to emotion- arousing stimuli - "I am trembling, therefore, I am afraid"
303377452	cannon bard theory	theory that emotion arousing stimulis simultaneously triggers pyshiological responses and the subjective experience of emotion -thalamus sends signals to the cortex of the autonomic nervous system
303377453	two factory theory	schachtner and singers theory that to experience emotion one must be physically aroused and cognitively label the arousal
303377454	common sense theory	we react to our emotions once they occur
304674391	psychology	scientific study of behavior and mental processes
304674392	socrates plato aristotle	believed mind is seperate from body and continues ater we die -knowledge is born with (nature)
304674393	aristotle	soul and body are not seperate, knowledge grows from experience (nurture)
304674394	francis bacon	believed minds hunger to percieve patterns even in random events
304674395	john locke	born with blank slate, agrees with bacon (nurture)
304674396	empiricism	knowledge comes from experience, science should rely on observation and experimentation
304674397	wilhelm wundt	established 1st psychology lab to measure "atoms of the mind"
304674398	titchener	introduced "structuralism" and "introspection"" (looking inward) into the mind
304674399	william james	functionalist (how mental and behavioral organisms are able to adapt, survive, and flourish) introduced psych to educated public
304674400	cognitive neuroscience	study of the interaction of thought processes and brain function (how we store knowledge)
304674401	nature nurture	______ works on what ______ endows
304674402	biopsychosocial approach	considers the influences of biological, psychological, and social-cultural factors
304674403	applied research	solves practical problems
304674404	basic research	increase science knowledge base
304674405	counseling psychology	help people with living problems
304674406	clinical psychology	studies and treats people with psychological disorders
304674407	psychiatry	branch of medicine with psychological disorders
304674408	mary calkins	first female president of ADA
304674409	margaret washburn	first woman to recieve Ph.D in psych
304674410	psychodynamic	behavior comes from unconscious drives and conflicts
304674411	neuroscience	how body and brain enable emotions, memory, and sensory experiences
304674412	psychodynamic	behavior springs from unconscious drive and conflict
304674413	hindsight bias	tendency to believe, after learning an outcome, that one wouldve forseen
304674414	overconfidence	overestimating our beliefs, thus leading us to be wrong
304674415	critical thinking	examining assumptions, evaluating evidence, and assesing conclusions
304674416	theory	explanation using an integrated set of ideas that organizes and predicts
304674417	hypothesis	testable statement
304674418	operational definition	statement of the procedures used to define research and variables (instuctions)
304674419	replication	repeating same study
304674420	case study	observatoin technique in which one person is studied in depth in the hope of revealing universal truths
304674421	survey	technique for ascertaining the self-reported attitudes or behaviors of people, usually be questioning a representative, random same of them
304674422	random sample	one in which every person in the entire group has an equal change of participating
304674423	naturalistic observation	watching and observing in a natural habitat
304674424	correlation coefficient	statistical measure of relationship -reveals how closely two things vary together and thus how well either one predicts the other
304674425	illusory correlation	percieved non-existence correlations
304674426	experimentation	research method in which an investigator manipulates one or more factors (indepdent variables) to observe the effect on some behavior or mental processes (dependent variables)
304674427	single blind procedure	experiment procedure in which the subject is ignorant (blind) to the treatment being given is a placebo
304674428	double blind procedure	both the participants and the researcher are ignorant (blind) about whether the subject recieved is the treatment or placebo
304674429	random assignment	assigningparticipants to experimental and control conditions by chance
304674430	independent variable	experimental factor that is manipulated
304674431	dependent variable	outcome factor, the variable that may change in response to manipulations
304674432	personality	individuals characteristics, pattern of thinking, feeling, and acting
304674433	unconscious	hidden part of the personality
304674434	preconscious	contains material just below the surface
304674435	id	pleasure principle
304674436	ego	reality principle
304674437	superego	morality principle
304674438	defense mechanism	unconscious mechanism used by the ego to distort reality and to protect us from anxiety
304674439	alfred adler	who thought of interiority complex?
304674440	inferiority complex	seeing our peers and wanting to be like them
304674441	alfred adler	who thought childhood is important based on childhood tensions
304674442	karen horney	who thought of penis envy
304674443	penis envy	woman have weak superego and jealous of men for their penis
304674444	carl jung	who is freuds star student
304674445	carl jung	who thought of collecive unconscious
304674446	collective unconscious	a shared inherited resevoir of memory traces from our species ancestry
304674447	projective test	personality tests that provide ambiguous stimuli designed to trigger projection of ones inner dynamics
304674448	thematic apperception test	test created by henry murray where people look at ambiguous pictures and tell a story
304674449	rorschach labbler	inkblot reflect inner feelings and conflicts
304674451	carl rogers	who believed people are basically good and endowned with self actualizing tendency
304674454	genuiness, acceptance, empathy	3 steps to become self actualized
304674456	traits	characteristic patterns of behavior or disposition to feel and act, as assessed by self report inventories and peer reports
304674458	MMPI	most often given personality test
304674461	social cognitive perspective	personality approach that emphasizes the interactions of people and their situatoins
304674464	albert bandura	who thought of reciprical determinsm
304674466	reciprocal determinism	interactive influences between personality and environmental factors
304674468	personal control	our sense of controlling our environment rather than feeling helpless
304674471	external locus of control	perception that luck or outside forces beyond ones control determine ones fate
304674473	internal locus of control	perception that one controls their own fate
304674475	learned helplessness	hopelessness and passive resignition a human learns when unable to avoid repeated aversive events
304674478	spotlight effect	overestimating others noticing and evaluating our appearance, performance, and mistakes
304674481	possible selves	includes your visions of the self you dreams of becoming , or the self you fear becoming