The Renaissance Flashcards

383065080	Renaissance	The revival of learning and culture in Europe during the 14th - 17th centuries	0
383065081	Printing Press	A mechanical device for transferring text or graphics from a woodblock or type to paper using ink; first movable type appeared in Europe in 1450	1
383065082	Lorenzo the Magnificent	(1449-1492) Italian statesman and scholar who supported many artists and humanists; made it his life's quest to compile classical texts	2
383065083	Giovanni Boccaccio	(1313-1375) Wrote the Decameron which tells about ambitious merchants, portrays a sensual, and worldly society	3
383065084	The Decameron	An Italian work that portrays an acquisitive, sensual, and worldly society through descriptions of merchants, friars, and husbands	4
383065085	Humanism	A philosophy in which interests and values of human beings are of primary importance	5
383065086	Francesco Petrarch	(1304-1374) One of the major literary figures of the Western Renaissance; an Italian author and humanist; focused on secular themes as opposed to theology	6
383065087	Dante Alighieri	(1265-1321) An Italian poet famous for writing the Divine Comedy that describes a journey through hell and purgatory and paradise guided by Virgil and his idealized Beatrice	7
383065088	The Divine Comedy	The Italian epic composed by Dante Alighieri; describes the nine layers of Inferno, as well as the journeys through Purgatorio, and Paradiso	8
383065089	Inferno	The abode of Satan and the forces of evil; depicted by Dante's Divine Comedy	9
383065090	Purgatorio	A place or state of suffering inhabited by the souls of sinners who are reparing their sins before going to heaven; depicted by Dante's Divine Comedy	10
383065091	Paradiso	A place of purer delights, as depicted by Dante's Divine Comedy	11
383065092	Virgil	A Roman poet and author of the Aeneid; serves as a character in Dante's Divine Comedy	12
383065093	The Aeneid	Epic poem written by Virgil about the journey of Aeneas	13
383065094	Beatrice	The woman who guided Dante through Paradise in the Divine Comedy	14
383065095	Renaissance Man	The modern scholar who is in a position to acquire more than superficial knowledge about many different interests	15
383065096	Early Renaissance	Human centered-world, ideals in sculpture and painting, unity, Florence	16
383065097	Condottieri	Mercenary leaders employed by Italian city-states	17
383065098	Niccolo Machiavelli	Italian Renaissance writer, author of The Prince, who described government in the way it actually worked - ruthlessly	18
383065099	The Prince	Written by Machiavelli; described that power is more important and that it is, "better to be feared than loved"	19
383065100	Cesare Borgia	The younger son of Pope Alexander VI; intelligent, cruel, treacherous, and ruthlessly opportunistic who consolidated central Italy	20
383065101	Pope Alexander VI	A corrupt Spanish Renaissance pope whose immorality sparked debate about the integrity of the Catholic Church; father of Cesare Borgia	21
383065102	Baldassare Castiglione	(1478-1529) Italian diplomat and writer; in 1528 published the most famous book of the renaissance, "The Book of the Courtier"	22
383065103	The Book of the Courtier	In this work published in 1528, the author described the proper etiquette for a nobleman who aspired to public service: He was to be talented in all things and carry himself with grace and dignity	23
383065104	Sprezzatura	The rehearsed spontaneity, studied carelessness, and well-practiced naturalness that underlies convincing discourse	24
383065105	Francesco Sforza	A ruler who conquered the city of Milan and became its new duke after the last Visconti ruler of Milan died	25
383065106	Doge	Formerly the chief magistrate in the republics of Venice and Genoa	26
383065107	de Medici Family	Dynasty of Florentine bankers and politicians known for their patronage of the arts	27
383065108	Cosimo the Elder	(1389-1464) Member of the de Medici family; served as a financier and statesman; friend of the papal court	28
383065109	Pazzi	A Tuscan rival family to the de Medici's who plotted, along with Pope Sixtus IV, against the de Medici family	29
383065110	Pope Sixtus IV	Pope who built the Vatican Library, but was also very corrupt; plotted with the Pazzi family against the de Medici family of Florence; used nepotism and placed six members of his family to religious positions	30
383065111	Pope Leo X (Giovanni de Medici)	Pope, belonging to the de Medici family, that used the sale of indulgences to rebuild a basilica; the pope who challenged Martin Luther	31
383065112	Girolamo Savonarola	Dominican friar in Florence who preached against sin and corruption; gained a large following. He expelled the de Medici family from Florence, but was later excommunicated and executed for criticizing the Pope	32
383065113	Bonfire of the Vanities	Savonarola organized his followers of gather vanities from peoples houses (immoral objects like costumes, songs, cosmetics) and burn them in a huge pyre in the city's Piazza della Signoria	33
383065114	Piazza della Signoria	A building in Florence in which the Aristocracy discussed matters of state	34
383065115	Piero de Medici	The last de Medici ruler of Florence; driven from the city of Florence by the Florentine citizenry	35
383065116	Pope Nicholas V	Pope who collected thousands of manuscripts and planned the Vatican library	36
383065117	Pope Julius II	The "warrior-pope" who was most involved in war and politics; personally led armies against enemies; instituted reconstruction on St. Peter's Basilica; commissioned Michelangelo to paint the ceiling of the Sistine Chapel	37
383065118	Michelangelo	Artist who led the way for Renaissance masters from his David sculpture and his painting of the Sistine Chapel ceiling	38
383065119	Nepotism	Favoritism shown to relatives or close friends by those in power (as by giving them jobs)	39
383065120	Alfonso V of Aragon	Spanish King of Naples, a generous patron of the arts, he promoted the urban middle class to counter the rule of powerful feudal barons	40
383065121	Ferdinand I of Naples	Successor of his father, Alfonso V of Aragon; joins Sixtus IV to wage war on the de Medici family; ruled tyrannically and was hated by much of the Neapolitan nobility	41
383065122	Linear Perspective	The appearance of things relative to one another as determined by their distance from the viewer; making a painting look like a window into space	42
383065123	Foreshortening	A visual effect in which an object is shortened and turned deeper into the picture plane to create an illusion of depth	43
383065124	Sfumato	Painting technique in which contours are enveloped in a suggestive, smoke-like haze by blending tones	44
383065125	Chiaroscuro	The strong contrast between light and dark colors in a painting; used to give the illusion of depth	45
383065126	Balance and Proportion	Paintings that emphasize the use of proper sizes, and airy, bright colors	46
383065127	Fresco	Durable method of painting on a wall by using watercolors on wet plaster; a mural	47
383065128	Leonardo Da Vinci	Italian Renaissance artist that painted The Last Supper and Mona Lisa, he was also an engineer, architect, sculptor, and scientist.	48
383065129	Rafael	Italian artist whose many paintings exemplify the ideals of the High Renaissance; most known for his work, "The School of Athens"	49
383065130	Buon	A form of fresco, in which the paint is applied to wet wall	50
383065131	Secco	A form of fresco, in which the paint is applied to dry wall	51
383065132	Intonaco	In fresco painting, the last layer of smooth lime plaster applied to the wall; the painting layer	52
383065133	Sinopia	A burnt-orange pigment used in fresco painting to transfer a cartoon to the arriccio before the artist paints the plaster	53
383065134	Arriccio	The layer of relatively coarse plaster that is the first layer applied to a wall in the making of a fresco	54
383065135	Filippo Brunelleschi	(1377-1446) Florentine architect who was the first great architect of the Italian Renaissance	55
383065136	Donatello	(1386-1466) Florentine sculptor famous for his lifelike sculptures; first sculptor since ancient times to cast a large, free standing nude statue	56
383065137	Contrapposto	Human posture in which one is standing with weight on one foot to make body look twisted and giving the appearance of relaxing or emotion	57
383065138	Pieta	A representation of the Virgin Mary mourning over the dead body of Jesus, sculpted by Michaelangelo	58
383065139	Johannes Gutenberg	(1400-1468) German printer who was the first in Europe to print using movable type and the first to use a press	59
383065140	Jan van Eyck	(1390-1441) Flemish painter who was a founder of the Flemish school of painting and who pioneered modern techniques of oil painting	60
383065141	Miguel De Cervantes	(1547-1616) Spanish writer best remembered for 'Don Quixote' which satirizes chivalry and influenced the development of the novel form	61
383065142	Desiderius Erasmus	Dutch humanist and theologian who was the leading Renaissance scholar of northern Europe; author of "The Praise of Folly"	62
383065143	Thomas More	English statesman who opposed Henry VIII's divorce from Catherine of Aragon and was imprisoned and beheaded; author of "Utopia"	63
383065144	William Shakespeare	(1564-1616) English poet and dramatist considered one of the greatest English writers	64
383065145	The Elizabethan Age	When the renaissance spread to England while Queen Elizabeth I was ruling	65