Traughber Summer Class Test Study Guide Flashcards

415648890	historiography	the study of historical writing	0
415648891	pre-history	The period of time before writing.	1
415648892	What percent genetic difference do humans and apes have?	1.6%	2
415648893	Australopithecus	literally, "Southern Ape"; discovered in Southern Africa, an extinct ape identified as a forerunner to modern human beings	3
415648894	Homo erectus	Hominids who are believed to have walked completely upright like modern people do, called "Upright Man".	4
415648895	Homo sapiens	"wise man." A species of the creatures Hominid who have larger brains and to which humans belong, dependent of language and usage of tools.	5
415648896	Homo sapiens sapiens	"very wise man." Humans. A sub-species of Homo sapiens	6
415648897	Paleolithic	the name given to the Old Stone Age and the time period where most of human pre-history took place.	7
415648898	Hominid	primate that walks upright, has opposable thumbs, and possesses a large brain; only living members are humans	8
415648899	Hunting and gathering	The killing of wild animals and fish as well as the gathering of fruits, roots, nuts, and other plants for sustenance.	9
415648900	neanderthal	lived 200,000 - 30,000 years ago, wore animals hides, powerfully built, made shelters, tools like scrapers and blades, had ritual burial rites	10
415648901	cro-magnon	The very first of the species "homo sapiens" that lived in europe and made cave art. More advanced than neanderthals.	11
415648902	venus figurines	Small sculptures of women with exaggerated sexual features that displayed interest in fertility.	12
415648903	Neolithic	"New Stone Age." A period when the hunting and gathering lifestyle gave way to permanent settlements and the tending of plants and animals. Agricultural transition.	13
415648904	agricultural transition	The transition from hunting and gathering to agricultural societies.	14
415648905	How did agriculture change the world?	Agriculture enabled humans to settle in permanent locations and in large numbers.	15
415648906	Catal Huyuk	One of first true cities in history, created in the Neolithic Era in 6500 to 5500 BC, from which were created agriculture, trading, temples, housing, and religions.	16
415648907	Metallurgy	The science of working with metals.	17
415648908	Epic of Gilgamesh	The Epic of Gilgamesh is an epic poem from Ancient Mesopotamia and is among the earliest known works of literary fiction.	18
415648909	Sargon of Akkad	A conqueror from Akkad, north of Sumer, who took over all of Mesopotamia and created the world's first empire.	19
415648910	Hammurabi	Babylonian king who created the first known law code. (died 1750 BC).	20
415648911	Nebuchadnezzar	A Babylonian/Chaldean king who conquered Jerusalem and built the Hanging Gardens of Babylon	21
415648912	King David	Second king of Israel. He united Israel. He also made Israel a powerful nation.	22
415648913	King Saul	First King of the Israelites. (Not the same as Saul Goodman.)	23
415648914	King Solomon	son of King David; transformed Jerusalem into a magnificent capital through heavy taxation. Lost control of empire due to the construction of Solomon's temple.	24
415648915	Moses	the Hebrew prophet who led the Israelites from Egypt across the Red sea and into the promised land on a journey known as the Exodus.	25
415648916	Sumer	an area in the southern region of Babylonia in present-day Iraq	26
415648917	Tigris and Euphrates	two rivers that form the outside border of Fertile Crescent (Mesopotamia)	27
415648918	Ziggurat	a rectangular tiered temple or terraced mound erected by the ancient Assyrians and Babylonians	28
415648919	Hammurabi's Law Code	First set of defined laws within a civilization discovered. Lex talionis.	29
415648920	Lex talionis	"law of retaliation," laws in which offenders suffered punishments similar to their crimes; the most famous example is Hammurabi's laws.	30
415648921	Assyrians	Descendants of the Akkadians who participated in warfare and trade in the region of Mesopotamia. Established an independent state around 1900 BCE.	31
415648922	Cuneiform	an ancient wedge-shaped script used in Mesopotamia.	32
415648923	Hebrews, Jews, Israelites	All 3 words are synonyms for the people who came from the eastern Mediterranean region, who followed a monotheistic religion called Judaism. They trace their origin to Abraham, who established the belief that there is only one God, the creator of the universe.	33
415648924	Torah	"the law" of the Jewish faith, the Jewish holy scripts. (first five books of the Bible)	34
415648925	Phoenicians	Sailing and trading people who had many colonies on the Mediterranean coast.	35
415648926	Indo-Europeans	A number of peoples from Southern Russia and Ukraine who, over a period of millennia, embarked on a series of migrations from India through western Europe; their greatest legacy was the broad distribution of Indo-European languages throughout Eurasia.	36
415648927	Hittites	An Indo-European people who settled in Anatolia around 2000 B.C.	37
415648928	Africa's geography	a vast and varied landscape made up of shifting sand dunes, rain forests, sweeping savannas, large deserts, and coastal plains	38
415648929	Menes	king of upper egypt united the two kingdoms of upper and lower egypt	39
415648930	Akhenaten	early monotheistic ruler of Egypt who rejected the old gods and replaced them with worship of one god, Aten.(died in 1358 BC)	40
415648931	Nile	River in Egypt; gave life to the Egyptian desert; Biannual flooding; longest river in the world (Over 4000 Mi. long) Had cataracts or rapids; provided fertile soil.	41
415648932	Nubia	An ancient region of northeastern Africa (southern Egypt and northern Sudan) on the Nile	42
415648933	Kush	An African state that developed along the upper reaches of the Nile c. 100 B.C.E.; conquered Egypt and ruled it for several centuries.	43
415648934	Pharaoh	the title of the ancient Egyptian kings. had supreme power and was a god or demi-god.	44
415648935	Memphis	The capital of Old Kingdom Egypt, near the head of the Nile Delta. Early rulers were interred in the nearby pyramids.	45
415648936	Hyksos	A group of nomadic invaders from southwest asia who invaded and ruled Egypt from 1640 to 1570 B.C.	46
415648937	Queen Hatshepsut	Ruler of Egypt who built impressive monuments and temples, who expanded trade south to Punt on the Red Sea and north to Asia Minor and Greece.	47
415648938	Hieroglyphics	an ancient Egyptian writing system in which pictures were used to represent ideas and sounds	48
415648939	Amon-Re	Egyptian sun god. Represented the sun, youth, fertility, and seductive forces. Believed to be universal god.	49
415648940	Mummification	Embalming and drying a dead body and wrapping it as a mummy	50
415648941	Bantu	A major African language family. Collective name of a large group of sub-Saharan African languages and of the peoples speaking these languages. Famous for migrations throughout central and southern Africa.	51