AP World I.D.'s 5/7/12 Flashcards
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| 382595744 | Clovis | - king who united the Franks - conversion to Christianity helped to spread religion throughout Europe | 0 | |
| 382595745 | Charles Martel | - "the Hammer" - Frankish King - defeated an advancing Muslim army at Tours | 1 | |
| 382595746 | Battle of Tours | - Charles Martel - saved European Christendom from an Islamic takeover | 2 | |
| 382595747 | Charlemagne | - King of the Franks - crowned "Emperor of the Romans" by Leo III - quasi-centralized empire - established diplomatic contacts with Byzantine and Abbasid | 3 | |
| 382595748 | Carolingian Renaissance | - rebirth of learning sparked by Charlemagne | 4 | |
| 382595749 | Holy Roman Empire: Otto of Saxony | - Otto I becomes the first Holy Roman Emperor - Holy Roman Empire is decentralized entity | 5 | |
| 382595750 | Viking raids | - Scandinavian tribe - terrorized Europe in the Middle Ages - sacked major European capitals - sea transportation | 6 | |
| 382595751 | vassalage | - system of subordination in feudal European society - based on land holdings - lord grants land to retainer who pledges service to the lord - King -> Lord -> Knight -> Serf | 7 | |
| 382595752 | homage and fealty | - describe the oaths by which vassals pledged their loyalty - homage: paying respect to lord - fealty: denotes loyalty | 8 | |
| 382595753 | chivalry | - code of conduct by which Medieval knights lived - knight's sense of honor | 9 | |
| 382595754 | rural society in Europe vs. urbanization in China, India, & the Muslim World | - Europe is mostly agrarian due to feudalism - China, India, Muslim World, and Byzantium all have significant urban and metropolitan centers | 10 | |
| 382595755 | papacy and the rise of the Church | - Catholic Church in Rome becomes increasingly powerful in the Middle Ages -the Church is a socio-cultural, religious, and political force | 11 | |
| 382595756 | monasticism | - monasticism becomes an important cultural feature of Christianity - St. Benedict forms the first monastery in Europe - purpose was to live an ascetic life devoted to worship - monks in monasteries are responsible for transmitting texts from ancient Greece and Rome | 12 | |
| 382595757 | characteristics of steppe nomads | - mobile, live off the land and its animals - traveled in caravans to transport goods - shamans and nature spirits | 13 | |
| 382595758 | conversion of turks to islam | - 11th century - conversion of the turks led to islamization of anatolia | 14 | |
| 382595759 | Tughril beg & seljuk turks | - tugril beg, leader of seljuk turks, defeated abbasid empire and the byzantines at manzikert | 15 | |
| 382595760 | Genghis khan | - great mongol khan who conquered china, persia, and part of russia - reorganized mongol army on a system of merit and ability - remembered as a conqueror not administrator | 16 | |
| 382595761 | effects of mongol conquests | - division of Genghis khan's empire into four khanates - end of Song Dynasty - Revival of the Silk Roads - Spread of Bubonic plague | 17 | |
| 382595762 | Kublai Khan | - grandson of Genghis Khan - religious toleration - received missionaries at his court | 18 | |
| 382595763 | Tamerlane | - great Turkish conqueror - filled the power vacuum left from the dissolution of the Mongol states | 19 | |
| 382595764 | Church vs. State in Europe | - Pope claimed both a religious and political authority over kings - conflict continues until the rise of the New Monarchies in Europe | 20 | |
| 382595765 | Investiture Conflict | - Lay Investiture is the Holy Roman Emperor selecting his own clergymen - Gregory VII ends this, excommunicates Henry IV | 21 | |
| 382595766 | Norman Conquest of England | - Normans, live in northern France, conquer England - led by William the Conqueror | 22 | |
| 382595767 | Moors in Spain and the Reconquista | - the Moors (Muslims) had been in Spain since 8th century - Reconquista refers to the 400 year struggle to eject the Moors from Spain - illustrates the idea of cultural exchange through conflict | 23 | |
| 382595768 | troubadours | - European traveling poets - flourished in the High Middle Ages and the Renaissance - highly influenced by Islamic culture and music | 24 | |
| 382595769 | Magna Carta | - forced upon King John I - check upon the king's authority - habeas corpus | 25 | |
| 382595770 | population and agricultural growth in Europe | - Europeans began to expand the amount of plowable land and developed new crops | 26 | |
| 382595771 | urbanization and trade in Europe | - cities grew rapidly - textile production became an important part of economy - Italy becomes an important center of commercial interaction with the Islamic world | 27 | |
| 382595772 | emergence of guilds and urban status of women | - guilds drive the economic output of European cities and promote trade - women even have some guilds | 28 | |
| 382595773 | res publica christiani | - phrase used to denote the religious unity of Europe under the Catholic Church | 29 | |
| 382595774 | unam sanctam | - papal bull issued by Boniface VIII - Pope claimed more powerful than any king | 30 | |
| 382595775 | scholasticism | - Medieval school of philosophy where scholars used logic from Aristotle to explain Christian teaching | 31 | |
| 382595776 | Thomas Aquinas | - greatest of the Medieval scholastic philosophers - attempted to reconcile faith and reason - work was influenced by Ibn Rushd's comments on Aristotle | 32 | |
| 382595777 | pilgrimage culture | - Christians begin to make great pilgrimages | 33 | |
| 382595778 | Albigensian Crusade- power of the papacy | - Innocent III orders a crusade against the Albigensians who said the Church was corrupt - illustrates the power of the pope to eliminate heresy | 34 | |
| 382595779 | Council of Clermont | - Clermont Pope Urban II orders a military expedition to retake Jerusalem from the Muslims - illustrates the power of the papacy | 35 | |
| 382595780 | Mexica | - founders of the Aztec Empire - established capital at Tenochtitlan - developed a system of agriculture around a lake | 36 | |
| 382595781 | Toltecs | - migrated to central Mexico - established contacts with the Maya in the Yucatan peninsula | 37 | |
| 382595782 | Tenochtitlan | - capital of the Aztec Empire - site of the future Mexico City | 38 | |
| 382595783 | Aztec political and economic organization vs. Inca | Aztecs: relied on tribute from conquered people and allies, very militaristic, merchants were very important Inca: much more centralized, lacked a defined merchant class and market economy, built extensive system of roads in the Andes | 39 | |
| 382595784 | quipu | - Inca device used as a mnemonic aid for bureaucrats - used to count taxes, population | 40 | |
| 382595785 | Marco Polo | - Venetia traveler - ventures to India and China - story drives a European desire to find a route to Asia and its good and wonders | 41 | |
| 382595786 | Rabban Sauman | - Mongol born Nestorian Christian who meets with European leaders in an attempt to form an alliance against Islam | 42 | |
| 382595787 | Ibn Battuta | - Muslim qadi - travels to sub-saharan Africa, Baghdad, and the Sultinate of Delhi - helps collect knowledge of the Muslim world | 43 | |
| 382595788 | gunpowder and the compass | - acquired by Europeans through exchange with Mongols - originate in China | 44 | |
| 382595789 | bubonic plague | - begins in China - reaches Europe through the Mongol conquests - leads to the breakup of the silk roads | 45 | |
| 382595790 | disintegration of the silk roads | - caused by the breakup of the Mongol khanates and the bubonic plague | 46 | |
| 382595791 | Ming Dynasty | - follows the end of the Mongol Yuan Dynasty - economic and cultural revival - autocratic centralization - Confucian system of civil service exams is reestablished | 47 | |
| 382595792 | Hundred Years War | - military conflict between England and France | 48 | |
| 382595793 | Renaissance | - "rebirth" - begins in Italy and spreads throughout Europe - idea that man is the center of the universe - great advancements made in art, architecture, and literature | 49 |