AP World 31-35 final exam terms Flashcards

374145038	Tojo Hideki	Japanese general who dominated internal politics from the mid-1930s;.gave the military dominance over civilian cabinets	0
374145039	Singapore	part of the British colony of Malaya with a mostly Chinese population; after World War II emerged as a flourishing, independent city-state	1
374145040	Republic of Korea	southern half of Korea occupied by the United States after World War II; developed parliamentary institutions under authoritarian rulers; underwent major industrial and economic growth after the 1950s	2
374145041	Democratic People's Republic of Korea	northern half of Korea dominated by USSR after Word War II; formed a communist dictatorship under Kim Il-Song; attacked South Korea to begin the Korean War	3
374145042	Korean War	fought between 1950 and 1953 between North Korea and its Soviet and Chinese allies and South Korea and United Nations' forces directed by the United States; ended in stalemate	4
374145043	Taiwan	island off the Chinese mainland that became the refuge for Chiang Kai-shek's Kuomindang regime; maintained independence with United State support; rapidly industrialized after the 1950s	5
374145044	Hong Kong	British colony in China; became a major commercial and industrial center; returned to China in 1997	6
374145045	Lee Kuan Yew	authoritarian ruler of Singapore for three decades from 1959; presided over major economic development	7
374145046	Korekiyo Takahashi	Japanese minister of finance during the 1930s; increased government spending to stimulate the economy	8
374145047	Lee Kuan Yew	authoritarian ruler of Singapore for three decades from 1959; presided over major economic development	9
374145048	Korekiyo Takahashi	Japanese minister of finance during the 1930s; increased government spending to stimulate the economy	10
374145049	Francisco Madero	moderate democratic Mexican reformer; challenged Porfiío Díaz in 1910 and initiated a revolution after losing fraudulent elections; assassinated in 1913	11
374145050	Pancho Villa	Mexican revolutionary leader in northern Mexico after 1910	12
374145051	Emiliano Zapata	Mexican revolutionary commander of a guerrilla movement centered at Morelos; demanded sweeping land reform	13
374145052	Alvaro Obregón	became leader of Mexican government in 1915; elected president in 1920	14
374145053	Mexican Constitution of 1917	promised land and educational reform, limited foreign ownership, guaranteed rights for workers, and restricted clerical education and property ownership	15
374145054	Lázaro Cárdenas	Mexican president (1934-1940); responsible for large land redistribution to create communal farms; also began program of primary and rural education	16
374145055	Cristeros	conservative peasant movement in Mexico during the 1920s; a reaction against secularism	17
374145056	Party of Institutionalized Revolution (PRI)	inclusive Mexican political party developing from the 1920s; ruled for the rest of the 20th century	18
374145057	Victor Raul Haya de la Torre	Peruvian politician; created the American Popular Revolutionary Alliance in 1924; gained power in 1985	19
374145058	Getúlio Vargas	became president of Brazil following a contested election of 1929; led an authoritarian state until deposed in 1945; became president again in 1950	20
374145059	Juan Perón	dominant authoritarian and populist leader in Argentina from the mid-1940s; driven into exile in 1955; returned and elected president in 1973; died in 1974	21
374145060	Eva Duarte (Evita)	wife of Juan Perón; the regime's spokesperson among the lower social classes	22
374145061	Juan José Arevalo	reformist president of Guatemala elected in 1944; his programs led to conflict with foreign interests	23
374145062	United Fruit Company	most important foreign company in Guatemala; 1993 nationalization effort of some of its land holdings caused a U.S. reaction	24
374145063	Fulgencio Batista	authoritarian ruler of Cuba (1934-1944)	25
374145064	Fidel Castro	revolutionary leader who replaced Batista in 1958; reformed Cuban society with socialist measures; supported economically and politically by the Soviet Union until its collapse	26
374145065	Liberation Theology	combination of Roman Catholic and socialist principles aiming to improve the lives of the poor	27
374145066	Salvado Allende	Chilean socialist president; overthrown by a military coup in 1973	28
374145067	Good Neighbor Policy	introduced by U.S. president Franklin Roosevelt in 1933 to deal fairly, without intervention, with Latin American states	29
374145068	Indian National Congress	political party that grew from regional associations of Western-educated Indians in 1885; dominated by elites; was the principal party throughout the colonial period and after independence	30
374145069	B.G. Tilak	first populist leader in India; believed that Indian nationalism should be grounded in the Hindu majority	31
374145070	Moreley-Minto Reforms (1909)	provided Indians with expanded opportunities to elect and serve on local and national legislative councils	32
374145071	effendi	prosperous business and professional urban Egyptian families; generally favored independence	33
374145072	Dinshawi incident	1906 fracas between British soldiers and Egyptian villagers that resulted in an accidental Egyptian death; Egyptian protest led to harsh repression which stimulated nationalist sentiment	34
374145073	Montagu-Chelmsford reforms (1919)	increased national powers of Indian legislators and placed provincial administrations under ministries controlled by Indian-elected legislatures	35
374145074	Rowlatt Act (1919)	placed severe restrictions on Indian civil rights; undercut impact of the Montagu-Chelmsford reforms	36
374145075	M.K. Gandhi	Western-educated Indian lawyer and nationalist politician with many attributes of an Indian holy man; stressed nonviolent tactics and headed the movement for Indian independence	37
374145076	satyagraha	literally means "truth force"; Gandhi's policy of nonviolent opposition to British rule	38
374145077	Muslim League	founded in 1906 to support demands of the Muslim peoples of India against the Hindu majority; gained separate electorates and legislative seats; divided the Indian nationalist movement	39
374145078	Government of India Act (1935)	the British retained control of the central administration and turned over provincial governments to Indians chosen by an expanded electorate	40
374145079	mandates	governments entrusted to victorious European World War I nations over the colonies of the defeated powers	41
374145080	Zionism	Eastern European movement of the 1860s and 1870s that argued that Jews return to their Holy Land; eventually identified with settlement in Palestine	42
374145081	Theodor Hertzl	Austrian Zionist; formed World Zionist Organization in 1897; was indifferent to Arabs and promoted Jewish immigration into Palestine to form a Jewish state	43
374145082	Wafd Party	Egyptian nationalist party founded after World War I; led by Sa'd Zaghlul; participated in the negotiations that led to limited Egyptian independence in 1922	44
374145083	W.E.B. Du Bois and Marcus Garvey	Afro-American leaders with major impact on rising African nationalists	45
374145084	Muhammad Ali Jinnah	Muslim Indian nationalist; leader of the Muslim League; worked for a separate Muslim state; first president of Pakistan	46
374145085	Kwame Nkrumah	African nationalist responsible for forming the Convention Peoples Party in Ghana; leader of the 1st black African state to independence (1957)	47
374145086	Land Freedom Army	African revolutionary movement for reform of Kenyan colonial system; began a conflict in 1952; called the Mau Mau by the British	48
374145087	Jomo Kenyatta	leader of Kenyan African Union, a nonviolent nationalist party; became first president of independent Kenya in 1962	49
374145088	National Liberation Front (FLN)	Algerian nationalist movement that launched a guerrilla war during the 1950s; gained independence for Algeria in 1962	50
374145089	Afrikaner National Party	became the majority in the all-white South African legislature in 1948; worked to form the rigid system of racial segregation called apartheid	51
374145090	Bangladesh	formerly East Pakistan; after a civil war became independent in 1972	52
374145091	Baharatya Janata Party (BIP)	Hindu communalist party winning power in India in 1997	53
374145092	Biafra	eastern Nigerian region inhabited mostly by the Ibo people; in 1967 attempted unsuccessfully to secede from Nigeria; defeated and reintegrated in 1970	54
374145093	Indira Gandhi, Corazon Aquino, and Benazir Bhutto	women who became leaders of new nations; usually connected to previously powerful men	55
374145094	neocolonialism	continued dominance of new nations by their former rulers	56
374145095	Green Revolution	agricultural revolution that increased production through improved seeds, fertilizers, and irrigation; helped to support rising Asian populations	57
374145096	Kwame Nkrumah	Ghanian leader at independence; his efforts at reform ended with the creation of dictatorial rule	58
374145097	Gamal Abdul Nasser	member of the Free Officers Movement that seized power in Egypt in a 1952 military coup; became leader of Egypt; formed a state-directed reforming regime; ousted Britain from the Suez Canal in 1956; most reforms were unsuccessful	59
374145098	Muslim Brotherhood	Egyptian religious and nationalist movement founded by Hasan al-Banna in 1928; became an example for later fundamentalist movements in the Islamic world	60
374145099	Anwar Sadat	successor of Nasser as Egypt's ruler; dismantled Nasser's costly and failed programs; signed peace with Israel in 1973	61
374145100	Jawaharlal Nehru	first leader of independent India; committed to programs of social reform, economic development, and preservation of civil liberties	62
374145101	Ayatollah Khomeini	religious leader of Iran following the 1979 revolution; worked for fundamentalist Islamic religious reform and elimination of Western influences	63
374145102	African National Congress (ANC)	South African political organization founded in 1912 to defend African interests; became the ruling political party after the 1994 elections	64
374145103	Nelson Mandela	ANC leader imprisoned by Afrikaner regime; released in 1990 and elected as president of South Africa in 1994	65
374145104	Yuan Shikai	warlord in northern China after the fall of the Qing dynasty; president of China in 1912; hoped to become emperor but blocked in 1916 by Japanese intervention in China.	66
374145105	Sun Yat-sen	head of the Revolutionary Alliance that led the 1911 revolt against the Qing; president of China in 1911, but yielded to Yuan Shikai in 1912; created the Guomindang in 1919; died in 1925	67
374145106	May 4th Movement	acceptance at Versailles of Japanese gains in China during World War I led to demonstrations and the beginning of a movement to create a liberal democracy	68
374145107	Li Dazhao	Chinese Marxist intellectual; rejected traditional view and instead saw peasants as the vanguard of socialist revolution; influenced Mao Zedong	69
374145108	Zhou Enlai	one of the most important Chinese leaders; died in 1976	70
374145109	Guomindang (National Party)	founded by Sun Yat-sen in 1919; main support from urban businesspeople and merchants; dominated by Chiang Kai-shek after 1925	71
374145110	Chiang Kai-shek	leader of the Guomindang from 1925; contested with the communists for control of China until defeated in 1949	72
374145111	Mao Zedong	Communist leader who advocated the role of the peasantry in revolution; led the communists to victory and ruled China from 1949 to 1976	73
374145112	Long March	Communist retreat from Hunan under Guomindang pressure in 1934; shifted center of Communist power to Shaanxi province	74
374145113	Mass Line	economic policy of Mao Zedong inaugurated in 1955; led to formation of agricultural cooperatives that then became farming collectives in 1956; peasants lost land gained a few years earlier	75
374145114	Great Leap Forward	economic policy of Mao Zedong introduced in 1958; proposed small-scale industrialization projects integrated into peasant communities; led to economic disaster and ended in 1960	76
374145115	Deng Xiaoping and Liu Shaoqui	pragmatists who, along with Zhou Enlai, opposed the Great Leap Forward; wanted to restore state direction and market incentives at the local level	77
374145116	Jiang Qing	wife of Mao Zedong; one of the Gang of Four; opposed pragmatists and supported the Cultural Revolution; arrested and imprisoned for life in 1976	78
374145117	Cultural Revolution	initiated by Mao Zedong in 1965 to restore his dominance over the pragmatists; disgraced and even killed bureaucrats and intellectuals; called off in 1968	79
374145118	Red Guard	student brigades active during the Cultural Revolution in supporting Mao Zedong's policies	80
374145119	Gang of Four	Jiang Qing and her allies who opposed the pragmatists after the death of Mao Zedong; arrested and sentenced to life in prison	81
374145120	Minh Mang	second ruler of united Vietnam (1802-1841); emphasized Confucianism and persecuted Catholics	82
374145121	Vietnamese Nationalist Party (VNQDD)	middle class revolutionary organization during the 1920s; committed to violent overthrow of French colonialism; crushed by the French	83
374145122	Communist Party of Vietnam	the primary nationalist party after the defeat of the VNQDD in 1929; led from 1920s by Ho Chi Minh	84
374145123	Ho Chi Minh (Nguyen Ai Quoc)	shifted to a revolution based on the peasantry in the 1930s; presided over the defeat of France in 1954 and the unsuccessful United States intervention in Vietnam	85
374145124	Viet Minh	Communist Vietnamese movement; fought the Japanese during Word War II and the French afterward	86
374145125	Vo Nguyen Giap	military commander of the Viet Minh and the victor at Dien Bien Phu in 1954	87
374145126	Dien Bien Phu	significant Viet Minh victory over the French that led to the end of the French effort to hold Vietnam	88
374145127	Ngo Dinh Diem	became president of South Vietnam with United States support in the 1950s; overthrown by the military, with U.S. approval	89
374145128	Viet Cong	the Communist guerrilla movement in southern Vietnam during the Vietnamese war	90