AP Physics B: First Semester Review - Terms
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| 47449204 | Distance | the length of travel (units: meters[m]) | |
| 47449205 | Displacement | a change in position (units: meters[m]) | |
| 47449206 | Speed | distance over time (scalar) (units: meters per second [m/s]) | |
| 47449207 | Velocity | displacement over time (vector = speed + direction) (units: meters per second [m/s]) | |
| 47449208 | Average speed | total distance over time (units: meters per second [m/s]) | |
| 47449209 | Average velocity | net displacement over time (units: meters per second [m/s]) | |
| 47449210 | Instantaneous velocity | the velocity at an instance of time (units: meters per second [m/s]) | |
| 47449211 | Average acceleration | rate of change of velocity over time (vector) (units: meters per second squared [m/s²]) | |
| 47449212 | Deceleration | object with speed decreasing (velocity and acceleration have opposite signs) (units: meters per second squared [m/s²]) | |
| 47449213 | (D vs. T) Forward Motion | (D vs. T) slope: positive | |
| 47449214 | (D vs. T) Backward Motion | (D vs. T) slope: negative | |
| 47449215 | (D vs. T) Standing Still | (D vs. T) slope: zero | |
| 47449216 | (D vs. T) Constant Velocity | (D vs. T) constant slope (no acceleration) | |
| 47449217 | (D vs. T) Speeding Up | (D vs. T) slopes increasing | |
| 47449218 | (D vs. T) Slowing Down | (D vs. T) slopes decreasing | |
| 47449219 | (D vs. T) Instantaneous Velocity | (D vs. T) slope @ specific point | |
| 47449220 | (D vs. T) Average Velocity | (D vs. T) slope of secant line between two points | |
| 47449221 | (V vs. T) Forward Motion | (V vs. T) line is above t-axis | |
| 47449222 | (V vs. T) Backward Motion | (V vs. T) line is below t-axis | |
| 47449223 | (V vs. T) Standing Still | (V vs. T) line is @ t-axis [v=0] | |
| 47449224 | (V vs. T) Constant Velocity | (V vs. T) slope: zero | |
| 47449225 | (V vs. T) Speeding Up | (V vs. T) getting farther away from t-axis | |
| 47449226 | (V vs. T) Slowing Down | (V vs. T) getting closer to t-axis | |
| 47449227 | (V vs. T) Displacement | (V vs. T) area of the graph to the t-axis | |
| 47449228 | Acceleration due to gravity | 9.8 m/s² | |
| 47449229 | Free falling objects | move under the influence of gravity alone | |
| 47449230 | Scalar | a number with appropriate units (Ex: time & length) | |
| 47449231 | Vector | a quantity with both a magnitude and a direction (Ex: displacement, velocity, and acceleration) | |
| 47449232 | Projectile motion | the path of an object after it has been launched into the air | |
| 47449233 | Zero launch angle | a projectile launched horizontally from a point at height "h" and initial speed "v" | |
| 47449234 | Inertia | an object's resistance to a change in motion (object's like to keep doing what they're doing) | |
| 47449235 | Newton's First Law (Law of Inertia) | if the net force on an object is zero, it's velocity is constant. | |
| 47449236 | Newton's Second Law | an object with mass "m" has an acceleration "a" given by the net force divided by "m". (F = ma) | |
| 47449237 | Force | a push or pull that causes acceleration (vector: magnitude and direction) (Unit: Newton [N]) | |
| 47449238 | Free body diagram | a sketch showing all external forces acting on an object (objects are depicted as uniform boxes) | |
| 47449239 | Friction | forces due to the microscopic roughness of surfaces in contact [opposite to motion, parallel to surface] | |
| 47449240 | Coefficient of Friction | represents the nature of surfaces | |
| 47449241 | Kinetic Friction | friction experienced by surfaces that are in contact and moving relative to one another | |
| 47449242 | Static Friction | friction experienced by surfaces that are in static contact (maximum must be overcome to get an object to slide) | |
| 47449243 | Static Friction | Which is greater, Static or Kinetic Friction? | |
| 47449244 | Inclined Forces | certain forces contain components (rotate coordinate system to parallel surface) | |
| 47449245 | Normal Force | force exerted by surface that is perpendicularto the surface | |
| 47449246 | Weight | gravitational force exerted by the earth on an object | |
| 47449247 | Apparent weight | force felt from contact with the floor or a a scale in an an acceleratin system | |
| 47449248 | Newton's Third Law | For every force that acts on an object, there is a reaction force acting on a different object that is equal in magnitude and acts in opposite direction. | |
| 47449249 | Law of action/reaction | forces always come in pairs - result of contact forces | |
| 47449250 | Uniform Circular Motion | objects moving in a circle with constant speed (acceleration results in a change of direction) | |
| 47449251 | Centripetal Force | the force applied to give an object it's circular motion (acts perpendicular to the motion) | |
| 47449252 | Tension in string & friction btw. tires and the road | What are two examples of centripetal forces? | |
| 47449253 | Inertia's relationship with Centripetal force | Inertia keeps the velocity vector constant, while the centripetal force acts perpendicular to the velocity vector and maintains a change in direction due to acceleration | |
| 47449254 | Vertical loop | a look that is in the vertical plane where the velocity is not necessairly constant | |
| 47449255 | Newton's Universal Law of Gravitation | The force of gravity between two point masses (every mass attracts other masses) | |
| 47449256 | Kepler's Laws | describe the motion of planets (consequence of newton's law of gravitation) | |
| 47449257 | Kepler's First Law | The orbits of the planets are ellipses, with the sun at one focus | |
| 47449258 | Kepler's Second Law | Planets sweep out equal area in equal time | |
| 47449259 | Keper's Third Law | The period of a planet's orbit is propotional to the 3/2 power of its average distance from the sun. | |
| 47449260 | Work | Done whenever a force causes motion or a change in motion (scalar - measurement) (Units: Joules [J]) | |
| 47449261 | Work - Energy Theorem | Total work is ewual to the change in energy (mainly kinetic energy) | |
| 47449262 | Energy | the ability to make an object move (scalar - measurement) (Units: Joules [J]) | |
| 47449263 | Mechanical Energy | energy dealing with movement - sum of two types: Kinetic and Potential | |
| 47449264 | Potential Energy | stored energy based off of location - can be converted to kinetico or other forms of energy | |
| 47449265 | Conservation of Energy | Energy can be transferred but not created/destroyed | |
| 47449266 | Conservative Forces | conserve the mechanical energy of a system - path doesn't matter | |
| 47449267 | Nonconservative Forces | converts mechanical energy into other forms of energy an vice versa (path does matter - work cannot be stored) | |
| 47449268 | Power | rate at which work is done (Units: Watt [w]) | |
| 47449269 | Impulse | change in momentum (vector) (Unit: Kg m/s) | |
| 47449270 | Momentum | inertia in motion (vector) | |
| 47449271 | Conservation of Momentum | In the absence of an outside force, the total momentum will be conserved. | |
| 47449272 | Inelastic Collisions | Momntum is conserved but Kinetic Energy is not (usually lost) [majority - STICK] | |
| 47449273 | Elastic Collisions | Momentum and Kinetic Energy are both conserved [minority - DONT STICK] | |
| 47449274 | Rotational Inertia | An object's resistance to a change in rotation; the farther the mass is from the rotation point, the greater RI | |
| 47449275 | Torque | "rotational equivalent of force"; a force applied so as to cause an angular acceleration | |
| 47449276 | Translational Equilibrium | sum of all forces acting on an object is zero | |
| 47449277 | Rotational Equilibrium | sum of all torques acting on an object is zero | |
| 47449278 | Static Equilibrium | object at rest | |
| 47449279 | Center of Mass | an object balances when it is supported at its center of mass | |
| 47449280 | Fluid | any liquid or gas | |
| 47449281 | Density | mass over volume | |
| 47449282 | Specific Gravity | density of an object compared to the density of water | |
| 47449283 | Pressure | the amount of force perpendicular per area | |
| 47449284 | Atmospheric Pressure | the pressue exerted by the atmosphere | |
| 47449285 | Gauge Pressure | the difference between the actual pressure and the atmospheric pressure | |
| 47449286 | Pressure at a depth in fluids | the pressure of a fluid in static equilibrium increases with depth; all points at the same depth have the same pressure | |
| 47449287 | Pascal's Principle | An external pressure applied to an enclosed fluid is transmitted unchanged to every point within the field | |
| 47449288 | Buoyant Force | The force a fluid exerts in a net upward direction | |
| 47449289 | Archimedes' Principle | An object completely or partially submerged in a fluid is buoyed upward by a force whose magnitude is equal to the weight of the fluid displaced by the object | |
| 47449290 | Fluid Flow | The speed of a fluid changes as the cross - sectional area of the pipe through which it flows changes | |
| 47449291 | Flow rate | volume of fluid that passes a particular point per time | |
| 47449292 | Bernoulli's equation | The net work done on a fluid is equal to the changes in kinetic and potential energy of the fluid in terms of quantities per volume | |
| 47449293 | Bernoulli's principle | Faster moving fluids produce lower pressures | |
| 47449294 | Thermodynamics | The study of physical processes involving the transfer of heat | |
| 47449295 | Heat | The energy transferred between objects because of a temperature difference | |
| 47449296 | Thermal Contact | objects are in thermal contact if heat can flow between them | |
| 47449297 | Thermal Equilibrium | objects that are in thermal contact, but have no heat exchange between them | |
| 47449298 | Temperature | a measure of the concentration of an object's internal energy | |
| 47449299 | Celsius scale | water freezes @ 0 °C; water boils @ 100°C; absolute zero @ 273.15° | |
| 47449300 | Kelvin scale | water freezes @ 273.15K; water boils @ 373.15K; absolute zero @ 0K | |
| 47449301 | Internal Energy | the sum of all individual kinetic energies | |
| 47449302 | Thermal Expansion | most objects expand when heated | |
| 47449303 | Ideal gas | a simplified model of a gas where interactions between molecules are ignored | |
| 47449304 | Kinetic Molecular Theory | matter is made up of atoms which are in continual random motion which is related to temperature | |
| 47449305 | Heat Transfer | always goes from Hot to Cold | |
| 47449306 | Conduction | heat transfer by contact | |
| 47449307 | Convection | heat transfer by a fluid | |
| 47449308 | Radiation | heat transfer by electromagnetic radiation such as infrared rays and light | |
| 47449309 | 1st Law of Thermodynamics | A statement of the conservation of energy including heat | |
| 47449310 | Isothermal process | the temperature is the same [T = constant, ΔT = 0; ΔU = 0, Q = -W] | |
| 47449311 | Adiabatic process | heat is equal to zero [ΔU = W] | |
| 47449312 | Isobaric (Isochoric) process | pressure is constant | |
| 47449313 | Isometric (Isovolumetric) process | volume is constant [W = 0, ΔU = Q] | |
| 47449314 | Total Process in P-V Diagram | ΔU = 0, ΔQ = W = + | |
| 47449315 | Second Law of Thermodynamics | Spontaneous(natural) heat transfer always goes from hot to cold | |
| 47449316 | Heat Engine | uses heat to produce work; uses 2nd Law of Thermodynamics to produce work | |
| 47449317 | Thermal Efficiency | ratio of what we get to what we put in | |
| 47449318 | Carnot's Theorem | if an engine operating between two constant - temperature resevoirs is to have maximum efficiency, it must be an engine in which all processes are reversible | |
| 47449319 | Entropy | measure of disorder in a system; in the universe - positive | |
| 47449320 | Carnot Engine | "perfect cycle" - applicable in reversible engine | |
| 47449321 | Friction (charging) | the transfer of a charge by rubbing electrons of one object and putting it on another; occurs between insulators | |
| 47449322 | Conduction | charging a conductor by contact (no rubbing necessary) [complete transfer] | |
| 47449323 | Induction | charging through polarization without contact (seperates charges); neutral objects attract [movement of charges] | |
| 47449324 | Conductors | charges are free to move (form at points) | |
| 47449325 | Insulators | charges restricted as to movement (form evenly) | |
| 47449326 | Coulomb's Law | electric charges exert forces on one another along the line connecting them; like charges repel, opposite charges attract | |
| 47449327 | Charge | the quantity (scalar) of unbalanced electricity in a body (either positive or negative) | |
| 47449328 | Electric Fields | the force per charge at a given location in space; points in the direction of a force experienced by a positive test charge (vector) | |
| 47449329 | Electric Field Lines | point in the direction of the electric field vector (away from positive, and towards negative) | |
| 47449330 | Parallel - Plate Capacitor | field is uniform | |
| 47449331 | Electric Potential Energy | the stored energy a charge has based on it's location in an electric field; work is done whenever an object moves with/against the field | |
| 47449332 | Electric Potential (Voltage) | a measure of the energy/charge | |
| 47449333 | Equipotential Lines | lines that show the same potential; lines are dotted and perpendicular to the electric field lines |