AP European History Chapter 10 Review Flashcards

69329902	Grandi	The old rich, the nobles, and merchants who traditionally ruled the city of Florence
69329903	Popolo grosso	The emergent new rich merchant class of capitalists and bankers in Florence. Also known as "fat people."
69329904	Popolo minuto	The "little people" or the lower Florentine economic classes.
69329905	Ciompi Revolt	A great successful revolt of the poor in 1378. Resulted in a 4 year reign of power by the lower Florentine classes.
69329906	Cosimo de' Medici	The wealthiest Florentine. Manipulated Florence from behind the scenes by influencing the Constitution and election.
69329907	Lorenzo the Magnificent	The grandson of Cosimo de' Medici. Ruled Florence in a nearly totalitarian fashion. As the podesta, he maintained law and order.
69329908	Signoria	Initially made up of six members and later of eight members, this council governed Florence.
69329909	Podesta	The title Lorenzo the Magnificent held. The purpose of the office was to maintain law and order. Executive, military, and judicial authority was possessed by the officeholder.
69329910	Condottieri	These military brokers provided mercenary armies for despots in Florence.
69329911	Machiavelli	Author of "The Prince," this man detailed how to obtain power, how to use it, and how to keep it.
69329912	The Prince	Nicolo Machiavelli's masterpiece. Machiavelli explained how to obtain power, how to use it, and how to keep it.
69329913	Leonardo Bruni	This Florentine first gave the name "humanitas" or "humanity," to the learning that resulted from the scholarly pursuits of the Renaissance. A pupil of Manuel Chrysoloras.
69329914	Manuel Chrysoloras	A Byzantine scholar who opened the world of Greek scholarship to a generation of young Italian humanists when he taught at Florence.
69329915	Petrarch	The "father of humanism." He celebrated ancient Rome in his "Letters to the Ancient Dead." Also wrote a Latin epic poem named "Africa" and a set of biographies of famous Roman men called "Lives of Illustrious Men."
69329916	Letters to the Ancient Dead	Petrarch's masterpiece to celebrate ancient Rome.
69329917	Africa	Petrarch's Latin epic poem.
69329918	Lives of Illustrious Men	A set of biographies of famous Roman men by Petrarch.
69329919	Dante Alighieri	Author of "Vita Nuova" and "Divine Comedy."
69329920	Vita Nuova	An expression of medieval genre of courtly love by Dante Alighieri.
69329921	Divine Comedy	An epic poem detailing the Christian afterlife by Dante Alighieri
69329922	Giovanni Boccaccio	A student of Petrarch, he was also a pioneer of humanist studies. Authored "Decameron."
69329923	Decameron	100 often bawdy tales by three men and seven women in a country retreat from the plague that ravaged Florence. A stinging social commentary and a sympathetic look at human behavior. Written by Giovanni Boccaccio.
69329924	Baldassare Castiglione	The author of "Book of the Courtier."
69329925	Book of the Courtier	Written by Baldassare Castiglione, this was a practical guide for the nobility at the court of Urbino. It embodies the highest ideals of Italian humanism: knowledge of languages and history, athleticism, military skills, musical skills, and chivalry.
69329926	Christine de Pisan	This famous noblewoman wrote "The City of Ladies."
69329927	The City of Ladies	A chronicle of the accomplishments of the great women of history. Written by Christine de Pisan.
69329928	Florentine Academy	Not a formal school, but an informal gathering of influential Florentine humanists who devoted themselves to the revival of the works of Plato and Neoplatonists.
69329929	Lorenzo Valla	The author of the standard Renaissance text on Latin philology and the "Elegances of the Latin Language," and "Donation of Constantine."
69329930	Elegances of the Latin Language	This work truly embodied the ideas of its author, Lorenzo Valla, by revealing the explosive character of the new learning.
69329931	Erasmus	The "prince of the humanists." Easily the most famous of the northern humanists. Published dialogues under the title "Colloquies."
69329932	Giotto	The father of Renaissance painting. Painted a more natural world than his Byzantine and Gothic predecessors.
69329933	Leonardo da Vinci	The true Renaissance man. A painter, a military engineer, a physician, and a botanist. But you know him better for the Mona Lisa.
69329934	Raphael	Revered by art historians for his masterpiece "The School of Athens," this talented painter's premature death cut short his promising artistic career.
69329935	Michelangelo	This melancholy genius is known for masterpieces such as David and frescoes for the Sistine Chapel.
69329936	Treaty of Lodi	This agreement brought Milan and Naples in an alliance with Florence against Venice.
69329937	Ludovico il Moro	This Milanese despot joined the League of Venice in hopes of thwarting a French invasion.
69329938	Charles VIII	He succeeded Louis XI. Marched through and conquered Naples and Florence. Unfortunately for this French monarch, the cities united to oust his attack.
69329939	Girolamo Savonarola	This radical Dominican preacher convinces most the fearful Florentines that the French king's arrival was a long-delayed and fully justified vengeance on their immortality.
69329940	Pope Alexander VI	The corrupt Borgia pope and ally to the French under Louis XII against Italy.
69329941	Cesare Borgia	The son of Pope Alexander VI. When his father agreed to abandon the League of Venice, Cesare Borgia received the sister of the king of Navarre in marriage, a union that greatly enhanced Borgia military strength.
69329942	Pope Julius II	This strong opponent of the Borgia family succeeded Alexander VI as Pope. He suppressed the Borgias and placed their newly conquered lands in Romagna under papal jurisdiction.
69329943	Ferdinand of Aragon	The husband of Isabella of Castile. The Spanish king. The duo conquered the Moors, Christianized Spain, and made their country into a perennial world power. Additionally they initiated the Age of Discovery/Exploration.
69329944	Isabella of Castille	The wife of Ferdinand of Aragon. The Spanish queen. The duo conquered the Moors, Christianized Spain, and made their country into a perennial world power. Additionally they initiated the Age of Discovery/Exploration.
69329945	Mesta	A government organization that ran the kingdom of Castile's sheep-farming industry.
69329946	Hermandad	A powerful league of cities and towns, which served Ferdinand and Isabella against stubborn landowners.
69329947	Conversos	Converted Jews who were monitored by the Inquisition.
69329948	Moriscos	Muslims who were monitored by the Inquisition.
69329949	War of the Roses	A conflict between the House of Lancaster and the House of York. The Tudors emerged as victors and rulers of England.
69329950	Henry VI	The Lancastrian monarchy of this man was consistently challenged by the duke of York.
69329951	Edward IV	Son of the duke of York, he successfully seized power and instituted a strong-army rule that lasted more than twenty years. Briefly interrupted by Henry VI's short-lived restoration.
69329952	Richard III	The brother of Edward IV, he usurped the throne from Edward's son. The new Tudor dynasty portrayed him as a villain who had murdered Edward's sons.
69329953	Henry VII	The first monarch of the new Tudor dynasty.
69329954	Court of the Star Chamber	Henry VII's means of disciplining the nobility. A special instrument of the royal was known as this.
69329955	Golden Bull	A agreement between the emperor of the Holy Roman Empire and the major German territorial rulers. It established a seven-member electoral college which functioned as an administrative body.
69329956	Reichstag	An imperial diet/national assembly of seven electors among the German states.
69329957	Electors	Seven of these made up the Reichstag along with the non-electoral princes and the 65 imperial free cities in the Holy Roman Empire.
69329958	Reuchlin Affair	A man who had converted from Judaism to Christianity attached Johann Reuchlin's writings. Many humanists marched to Reuchlin's defense. "Letters of Obscure Men" was born from it
69329959	Letters of Obscure Men	Rising from the Reuchlin Affair, this piece was a merciless satire of monks and Scholastics to which von Hutten contributed.
69329960	Thomas More	The English humanist who wrote "Utopia."
69329961	Utopia	Written by Thomas More, it is a conservative criticism of contemporary society.
69329962	Act of Supremacy	Declared that Henry VIII was the only head of the Church of England.
69329963	Francisco de Cisneros	Spanish leader of the Protestant Reformation wrote the "Complutensian Polygot Bible."
69329964	Bartholomew Dias	Opened the Portuguese Empire in the East when he rounded the Cape of Good Hope.
69329965	Prince Henry "the Navigator"	The Portuguese prince who sponsored the Portuguese exploration of the African coast.
69329966	Vasco de Gama	This Portuguese explorer reached the coast of India and returned with a cargo worth sixty times the cost of the voyage.
69329967	Amerigo Vespucci	The namesake of North and South America for first exploring the areas.
69329968	Mayans	A civilization which flourished in the Yucatan region. They built large cities with immense pyramids and were fascinated by math and astronomy.
69329969	Aztecs	Settled in Mexico. A violent civilization that was ultimately conquered by Cortes.
69329970	Incans	Another great Native American civilization. Settled in Peru. Conquered by Pizarro.
69329971	Cortes	He landed on the coast of Mexico and beat the Aztecs.
69329972	Pizarro	He landed on the western coast of South America and beat the Incas.
69329973	Hacienda	The major rural and agricultural institution of the Spanish colonies.
69329974	Peninsulares	Persons originally born in Spain.
69329975	Creoles	Persons of Spanish descent born in America.
69329976	Encomienda	A formal grant of the right to the labor of a specific number of Indians for a particular period of time.
69329977	Conquistador	A Spanish explorer who "conquered" native peoples.