APGov unit 1

88158872	Aristotle	a philosopher who defined democracy as the "rule of the many"
88158873	authority	the right to exercise political power
88158874	bureaucracy	structures of authority organized around expertise and specialization
88158875	bureaucratic theory	a theory that appointed civil servants make the key governing decisions
88158876	citizen participation	a political system in which those affected by a governmental program must be permitted to participate in the program's formulation
88158877	city-state	a relatively small political unit within which classical democracy was practiced
88158878	community control	a political system in which local citizens are empowered to govern themselves directly
88158879	democracy	a term used to describe three different political systems in which the people are said to rule, directly or indirectly
88158880	democratic centralism	discovering and then acting on the genuine needs of the people, within a party cadre
88158881	direct/participatory democracy	a political system in which all or most citizens participate directly by either holding office or making policy
88158882	elite	an identifiable group of people with a disproportionate share of political power
88158883	elitist theory	a theory that a few top leaders make the key decisions without reference to popular desires
88158884	legitimacy	the widely shared perception that something or someone should be obeyed
88158885	majoritarian politics	a political system in which the choices of the political leaders are closely constrained by the preferences of the people
88158886	Marxist theory	a theory that government is merely a reflection of underlying economic forces
88158887	Mills	a sociologist who presented the idea of a mostly nongovernmental power elite
88158888	pluralist theory	a theory that no one interest group consistently holds political power
88158889	political power	power when used to determine who will hold government office and how government will behave
88158890	power	the ability of one person to cause another person to act in accordance with the first person's intentions
88158891	representative democracy	conferring political power on those selected by the voters in competitive elections
88158892	Schumpeter	an economist who defined democracy as the competitive struggle by political leaders for the people's vote
88158893	Weber	a sociologist who emphasized the phenomenon of bureaucracy in explaining political developments
88158894	Articles of Confederation	the government charter of the states from 1776 until the Constitution of 1787
88158895	Charles A. Beard	a historian who argued that the Founders were largely motivated by the economic advantage of their class in writing the Constitution
88158896	Constitution	a set of principles, either written or unwritten, that makes up the fundamental law of the state
88158897	Constitutional Convention	a meeting of delegates in Philadelphia in 1787 charged with drawing up amendments to the A of C
88158898	Declaration of Independence	a document written in 1776 declaring the colonists' intention to throw off British rule
88158899	federalism	a constitutional principle reserving separate powers to the national and state levels of government
88158900	Federalist papers	a series of political tracts that explained many of the ideas of the Founders
88158901	Great Compromise	a constitutional proposal that made membership in one house of Congress proportional to each state's population and membership in the other equal for all states
88158902	John Locke	a British philosopher whose ideas on civil government greatly influenced the Founders
88158903	James Madison	a principal architect of the Constitution who felt that a government powerful enough to encourage virtue in its citizens was too powerful
88158904	Massachusetts Convention	a state constitution , a state constitution with clear seperation of powers but considered to have produced too weak a government
88158905	natural rights	rights of all human beings that are ordained by God, discoverable in nature and history, and essential to human progress
88158906	New Jersey Plan	a constitutional proposal that would have given each state one vote in a new congress
88158907	Pennsylvania Constitution	A governing document considering to be hightly democratic yet with a tendency toward tyranny as the result of concentrating all powers in one set of hands
88158908	separation of powers	a constitutional principle separating the personnel of the legislative, executive and judicial branches of government
88158909	Shay's Rebellion	an armed attempt by Revolutionary War veterans to avoid losing their property by preventing the courts in western Mass. from meeting
88158910	Virginia Plan	a constitutional proposal that the smaller states' representatives feared would give permanent supremacy to the larger states
88158911	amendment	change in, or addition to, a constitution
88158912	Antifederalists	those who opposed giving as much power to the national government as the Constitution did, favoring instead stronger states' rights
88158913	bill of attainder	a law that would declare a person guilty of a crime without a trial
88158914	Bill of Rights	the first ten amendments to the U.S. Constitution
88158915	checks and balances	the power of the legislative, executive and judicial branches of government to block some acts by the other two branches
88158916	coalition	an alliance between different interest groups or parties to achieve some political goal
88158917	confederation	an agreement among sovereign states that delegates certain powers to a national government
88158918	ex post facto law	a law that would declare an act criminal after the act was committed
88158919	faction	a group of people sharing a common interest who seek to influence public policy for their collective benefit
88158920	Federalists	supporters of a stronger central government who advocated ratification of the Constitution and then founded a political party
88158921	judicial review	the power of the courts to declare acts of the legislature and of the executive unconstitutional and therefore null and void
88158922	line-item veto	the power of an executive to veto some provisions in an appropriations bill while approving others
88158923	Madisonian view of human nature	a philosophy holding that accomodating individual self-interest provided a more practical solution to the problem of government than aiming to cultivate virtue
88158924	republic	a form of democracy in which leaders and representatives are selected by means of popular competitive elections
88158925	unalienable rights	rights thought to be based on nature and providence rather than on the preferences of people
88158926	writ of habeas corpus	a court order requiring police officials to produce an individual held in custody and show sufficient cause for that person's detention
88158927	AFDC	program to distribute welfare benefits, program to distribute welfare benefits that was formerly federally funded then devolved to the states in 1996
88158928	block grants	a federal grant that could be used for a variety of purposes, usually with few accompanying restrictions
88158929	categorical grants	a federal grant for a specific purpose, often with accompanying conditions and/or requiring a local match
88158930	conditions of aid	federal rules that states must follow if they choose to receive the federal grants with which the rules are associated
88158931	confederal system	a system in which state governments are sovereign and the national government may do only what the states permit
88158932	devolution	an effort to shift responsibility for a wide range of domestic programs from Washington to the states
88158933	dual federalism	the doctrine that both state and national governments are supreme in their respective spheres
88158934	federal system	a system in which sovereignty is shared between the national and state governments
88158935	grants-in-aid	federal funds provided to states and localities
88158936	initiative	a procedure that allows voters to place legislative measures (and sometimes constitutional amendments) directly on the ballot by getting a specified proportion of voter signatures on a petition
88158937	intergovernmental lobby	an interest group made up of mayors, governors, and other state and local officials who depend on federal funds
88158938	interstate commerce	business that is conducted in more than one state
88158939	intrastate commerce	business that is conducted entirely within one state
88158940	land grant colleges	state educational institutions built with the benefit of federally donated lands
88158941	McCulloch v. Maryland	a Supreme Court decision embodying the principle of implied powers of the national government
88158942	mandates	federal rules that states must follow, whether they receive federal grants or not
88158943	Medicaid	federally funded medical care for the poor
88158944	Model Cities	a program proposed in the 1960s to give federal funds to a small number of large cities with acute problems
88158945	national interests	governmental concerns considered to be primarily the responsibility of the central government
88158946	necessary and proper clause	the term used by the Supreme Court to create the category of implied powers of the national government
88158947	New Federalism	Nixon's attempt in the 1970s to reduce federal restrictions on grants-in-aid
88158948	nullification	a doctrine espoused by Calhoun that states could hold certain national policies invalid within their boundaries
88158949	police powers	those state laws and regulations not otherwise unconstitutional, that promote health, safety and morals
88158950	recall	a procedure whereby voters can remove an elected official from office
88158951	referendum	a procedure that enables voters to reject a measure adopted by the legislature
88158952	revenue sharing	a federal grant that requires no matching funds and provides freedom in how to spend it
88158953	second-order devolution	refers to a flow of power and responsibility from the states to local governments
88158954	sovereignty	supreme or ultimate political authority
88158955	states' rights	government concerns considered to be primarily the responsibility of state governments
88158956	Tenth Amendment	the clause that stipulates that powers not delegated to the U.S. are reserved to the states or to the people
88158957	third-order devolution	refers to the increased role of nonprofit organizations and private groups in policy implementation
88158958	unitary system	a system in which sovereignty is wholly in the hands of the national government