Community Psychology midterm Flashcards
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| 324234207 | community psychology | the scientific study of community phenomena | |
| 324234208 | community psychologist | a psychologist who applies scientific discoveries and interventions to the community | |
| 324234209 | respect for diversity | includes ethnicity/race, gender and social class | |
| 324234210 | Lewin | B=f(PXE) behavior is a function of the interaction between the person and environment | |
| 324234211 | barker | the importance of settings and of the people in them | |
| 324234212 | bogat and jason | dscriminative stimuli guide (control) people's behaviors | |
| 324234213 | empowerment | which means enhancing the possiblity that people can more actively control their own lives and includes: respect, self determination and self-efficacy | |
| 324234214 | microsystems | systems that have a direct influence on the individual (the home environment or family) | |
| 324234215 | mesosystems | where microsystems interact (school and family come together) | |
| 324234216 | exosystems | include non-immediate, outside influences (government) | |
| 324234217 | macrosystems | influences interactions but do not contain specific settings (culture) | |
| 324234218 | adaptation | involves ability to cope with the environment | |
| 324234219 | interdependence | means that various elements of any ecosystem influence each other | |
| 324234220 | succession | incorporates a time perspective wherein the environment as well as those in it change | |
| 324234221 | person-environment fit | the optimal match between the person and environment | |
| 324234222 | primary prevention | prevent a problem from occurring altogether | |
| 324234223 | secondary prevention | treat a problem at the earliest possible moment | |
| 324234224 | tertiary prevention | reduce the severity of an established problem | |
| 324234225 | Universal | programs which address the general public | |
| 324234226 | selective | programs aimed at populations at risk for future problems | |
| 324234227 | indicated | programs designed for those beginning to show symptoms of a problem | |
| 324234228 | competence | a sense of mastery | |
| 324234229 | assets | discovering each individuals strengths | |
| 324234230 | victim blaming | not blaming the individual for the problem or disorder | |
| 324234231 | social change | efforts to shift community values, attitudes and expectations | |
| 324234232 | action research | designed to resolve social problems should be grounded in theory should involve an active partnership between the researcher and community members | |
| 324234233 | psychological sense of community | includes membership, influence, integration, emotional connection, neighborhood | |
| 324234234 | membership | experience feelings of belonging | |
| 324234235 | influence | members feel they make a difference | |
| 324234236 | integration | members feel the community meets their needs | |
| 324234237 | emotional connection | members have and will share a sense of history, time, place, and experience | |
| 324234238 | neighborhood | feeling of social cohesion, homogeneity, and a place identity among neighbors | |
| 324278689 | deinstitutionalization 1955 | moves from state hospitals to community settings | |
| 324278690 | 1961 deinstitutionalization | joint commission on mental illness and health report financial support for MH research training and use on nonprofessionals community services and public education | |
| 324278691 | 1963 deinstitutionalization | kennedys address and the community mental health movement | |
| 324278692 | 1965 | swampcott conference | |
| 324278693 | 1967 | community psychology recognized by the american psychological association (APA) | |
| 324278694 | 1987 | name change to society for community research in action (SCRA) | |
| 324278695 | area of competence | Individuals, creating community, organizing existing communities, research | |
| 324278696 | creating an eco-identity | Becoming "emotionally involved"/invested in the community | |
| 324278697 | tolerance/ appreciation of diversity | Different stakeholders have different interests | |
| 324278698 | coping effectively with varied resources | Using untapped current resources for community growth Emory Cowen and "informal helpers" | |
| 324278699 | commitment to risk taking | Big challenges include big risks | |
| 324278700 | balance of patience and zeal | passion for the long term | |
| 324278701 | empiricism | the need to understand what we observe | |
| 324278702 | Creation of Theory | to create, refine, and confirm or disconfirm theories | |
| 324278703 | theory | a systematic attempt to explain events its goal is to describe predict and eventually control events | |
| 324278704 | model | a working blueprint | |
| 324278705 | paradigm | a smaller framework that guides researchers to conceptualize events in a consistent fashion | |
| 324278706 | kuhns second definition of paradigm | a collection of theories that are commonly agreed upon socially to guide scientific enquiry | |
| 324278707 | falsifiability | assumes the theory could be false and must be tested therefore we must subject a theory to continuous testing | |
| 324278708 | scientific revolutions | cause dramatic shifts in our way of seeing the world cause changes in our theories, models and paradigms | |
| 324278709 | reliability | dependability, replicability | |
| 324278710 | validity | true; it is what we say it is | |
| 324278711 | internal validity | within the study | |
| 324278712 | external validity | generalizable to the larger world | |
| 324278713 | population | all members of the group that the researcher is interested in studying | |
| 324278714 | sampling | sample a subset of the population | |
| 324278715 | representative | dont need to study the whole population, just a portion that is typical of the whole | |
| 324278716 | sample methods utilized include: | random, convenience, stratified, purposive | |
| 324278717 | correlational research | does not mean cause effect but rather when variable 1 and variable 2 systematically vary together | |
| 324278718 | experimental research | compares groups, uses random assignment and assumes that differences are caused by variation in the independent variables | |
| 324278719 | quasi-experimental research | where requirements of experiments are not fully met attempts to approximate an experiment, but with limitations | |
| 324278720 | ethnography | Allows social interaction with participants As well as for the researcher to describe personal experiences Uses qualitative data such as anecdotal information or free-form verbal input | |
| 324278721 | network analysis | The study of patterns of relationships Types of analyses: egocentric and sociometric | |
| 324278722 | egocentric | examines the individuals relationship with others | |
| 324278723 | sociometric | studies linkages among members of a group of people | |
| 324278724 | epidemiology | Study of the "occurrence and distribution of disease ... in a population." Prevalence = Total number of cases Incidence = Number of new cases in a specified time period | |
| 324278725 | needs assessment | Determines whether program can be of use to a given population Can be conducted with interviews, surveys, and other descriptive techniques | |
| 324278726 | program evaluation | Generally used once a program is established (i.e. after needs assessment occurs) Two kinds of evaluations: Process - Is program occurring as planned? Outcome - Is program effective? | |
| 324278727 | participatory research | Participants help to Define the problem Devise the solution Determine what is a meaningful outcome Help in data interpretation Influence the dissemination of data | |
| 324278728 | Concerns of ethics | institutional review informal consent cultural sensitivity | |
| 324278729 | unobtrusive measures | data that participants are not aware is being collected; can supplement other measures | |
| 324278730 | constitutent validity | research should be meaningful to those being studied | |
| 324278731 | stress | a disturbance in the homeostatic balance of a person's life | |
| 324278732 | stress occurs | when environmental demands exceed coping resources leading to adverse cognitive, behavioral and physiological effects | |
| 324278733 | crisis theory | disrupted equilibrium, effort to restore homeostasis (Caplan, 1961, 1964) Can have either negative or positive results if growth occurs | |
| 324278734 | schedule of recent events | total events in a previous year predicted onset of illness (Holmes & Rahe 1967) (Next slides-University of Washington Press) | |
| 324278735 | normative events | life experiences expected at certain life stage | |
| 324278736 | non normative events | no aged linked | |
| 324278737 | dohrenwends model | aterss as a psychosocial process leading to the development of psychopathology in given population | |
| 324278738 | personal level (dohrenwends) | includes the person's coping skills, intelligence and other characteristics | |
| 324278739 | situational level (dohrenwends) | includes the setting in which the event occurred | |
| 324278740 | intervening factors (dohrenwends) | also are involved such as the sources of stressors and presence of social support | |
| 324278741 | acute | Discrete and observable (e.g.an argument) | |
| 324278742 | chronic | Enduring or less self-limiting (e.g. racism within a culture) | |
| 324278743 | primary appraisal | The person's assessment of the potential for trouble | |
| 324278744 | secondary appraisal | The person's assessment of his or her ability to cope | |
| 324278745 | emotion focused | lessen or strengthen the emotion | |
| 324278746 | problem focused | change the environment | |
| 324278747 | active coping | try to solve the problem | |
| 324278748 | avodiant coping | try to escape the problem | |
| 324278749 | Emotional Approach | Research shows that dealing with the emotion and not suppressing it enhances adjustment | |
| 324278750 | Collectivist Approaches | Are different from individualistic approaches and include sharing with others, accepting and seeing stress as a learning opportunity, etc. | |
| 324278751 | action | coordination of actions and contingency plans if something goes wrong | |
| 324278752 | social and personal resources | coordination of personal resources such as social support, special skills | |
| 324278753 | preferences and options | deciding what is preferred or not and what various options for coping are | |
| 324278754 | social support | the active participation of significant others in an individuals stress management | |
| 324278755 | types of social support | emotional, instrumental, informational | |
| 324278756 | buffering/shielding | friends help share the burden of stress | |
| 324278757 | addictive/contributing | support raises our positivity; we are happy because we have friends | |
| 324278758 | emotional social support | expressing compassion | |
| 324278759 | instrumental social support | physical or substantive assistance is provided | |
| 324278760 | informational social support | helpful information is provided | |
| 324278761 | resilience | overcoming adversity being at risk, yet successful a process, not a static variable | |
| 324310340 | First Order Change | Direct and involves changes only from within the system "more of the same" Ex. Diet fads | |
| 324310341 | second order change | Truly changes the system because the innovator steps outside basic assumptions and practices Ex. Diet fads as symptom of values around health, body-image, nutrition, etc. | |
| 324310342 | social change | second order changes that restructure society: economics, religion, family life, recreation, language | |
| 324310343 | accountability | the obligation to be responsible for various transactions | |
| 324310344 | cost effectiveness | there should be some return on investments | |
| 324310345 | change agents | professionals trained in the process to serve as a guide | |
| 324310346 | Conscientization | Bringing awareness of oppression to the oppressed | |
| 324310347 | Cognitive misers | lazy thinkers | |
| 324310348 | dogmatism | closed mindness | |
| 324310349 | Source | the person trying to change others must have prestige, trustworthiness, and attractiveness | |
| 324310350 | target | selfesteem | |
| 324310351 | interaction between source and target | similarity moderate discrepancy in attitude brief and repeated communication accidental/unintentional exposure high fear only if include specific way to avoid situation; otherwise moderate is best | |
| 324317366 | cocaine | constricted blood vessels, dilated pupils, increased temp, heart rate, blood pressure; paranoia and hallucinations | |
| 324317367 | cocaine and alcohol | cocaethylene: increases the risk o f suddden death | |
| 324317368 | heroin | withdrawal symptoms after one try | |
| 324317369 | ecstasy | club drug mental and sensory stimulation increased energy nausea, chills, sweating, teeth clenching, muscle cramping, blurred vision | |
| 324317370 | marijuana | THC component relaxes: memory, concentration, and coordination problems, bloodshot eyes, impaired sleeping, dry mouth, paranoia, and hallucinations | |
| 324336184 | self fulfillment | goal of everyone | |
| 324336185 | social interest | means a sense of connection to others and is also a concern of everyone | |
| 324336186 | childhood psycho-educational treatment | adler developed to to ensure mentally healthier children | |
| 324336187 | classical conditioning | the process by which a naturally occuring response or UCR is eventually elicited by a stimulus other than the naturally occuring stimulus | |
| 324336188 | operant conditioning | a behavior is more likely to be engaged in when it is reinforced | |
| 324336189 | learned helplessness | lack of perceived control | |
| 324336190 | desensitization | step by step relaxation training to overcome phobias, such as fear of flying | |
| 324336191 | behavior modification | treatment is tailored to the individual to modify the individuals behavior | |
| 324336192 | labeling | people sometimes behave in accord with the labels applied to them | |
| 324336193 | client-centered therapy | the role of the therapist is not as experted but is to facilitate the clients reflection upon his or her own experiences | |
| 324336194 | supernatural causes | sins and demons cause mental disturbance | |
| 324336195 | humanism | the belief that illness is not due to moral defects all people should be treated with dignity | |
| 324336196 | asylums | to contain and control the mentally ill | |
| 324336197 | early contributors to the mental health care system include | benjamin rush philippe pinel emil kraepelin | |
| 324336198 | benjamin rush | the father of american psychiatry | |
| 324336199 | philippe pinel | coined the term dementia | |
| 324336200 | emil kraepelin | later changed the same term to dementia praecox | |
| 324336201 | eugene bleuler | more recently changed the term to schizophrenia | |
| 324336202 | louis pasteur | developed the notion of germ theory where illness is caused by germs | |
| 324336203 | dorothea dix | treatment of mental illness should be by moral managements, not by imprisonment | |
| 324336204 | deinstitutionalization | brought bout the current debate over which is better- impatient versus outpatient | |
| 324336205 | inpatient | hospital | |
| 324336206 | outpatient | community clinic | |
| 324336207 | depopulation | psychiatric hospitals | |
| 324336208 | diversion to community settings | where treatment or intervention is supposed to occur | |
| 324336209 | decentralization of responsibility | to multiple and diverse entitles with attendant fragmentation of authority | |
| 324336210 | early alternatives to institutionalization | nursing homes, board-and-care homes | |
| 324336211 | social intergration | do patients become an active part of community | |
| 324336212 | recidivism | are patients repeatedly institutionalized | |
| 324336213 | community competence | do patients have the ability to live in the community at large | |
| 324336214 | problems of bias | do clinicians use different criteria for different racial and ethnic groups | |
| 324336215 | lodge societies | structured, half-way houses emphasizing skill building and shared responsibility | |
| 324336216 | intensive case management (ICM) | a case manager works closely with a client for community based treatment | |
| 324336217 | Assertive Case Management (ACT) | teaches practical living skills assigns a multidisciplinary team to provide intensive case management has the staff visit clients in vivo | |
| 324336218 | wraparound programs | comprehensiveness programs for those at risk for institutionalization embrace a strengths-based strategy includes family involvement and empowerment provide needs-based service planning offer individualized service plans | |
| 324336219 | outcome focused approach | reduce hospitalization | |
| 324336220 | national alliance for the mentally III | seeks to empower those with mental disorders and to lobby politicians for better care and more research funding on mental disorder |