People and a Nation Flashcards

CH 1. 2. 3.

463707671	paleo Indians	Arrived 12,00 to 14,000 years ago. First Americans, used spears and homemade tools to hunt game.
463707672	Importance of Agriculture	9,000 years ago the inhabitants of Central and South America began cultivating various crops. Where ever agriculture dominated the economy, complex civilizations flourished
463707673	Mesoamerican Civilizations	Early civilizations emerged in what is now New Mexico as early as 3,000 years ago. A number of powerful and complex societies develoved including the Olmecs, the Myans, and the Aztecs.
463707674	Mound Builders	Tribes of North America who built extensive mounds of dirt, especially in the Mississippi and Ohio River valleys.
463707675	Aztecs	The Aztecs moved into the Valley of Mexico in the twelfth century where they ultimately established an empire built on a warrior tradition that included human sacrifice and conquered people's tribute.
463707676	Sexual Division of Labor	The nomadic tribes assigned the task of hunting to men, while women prepared the food, made clothing, and raised children. In the agricultural tribes of the West the men farmed, but in the East women performed that task
463707677	Social Organization	The social organizations of the agricultural peoples of the southwest and east were similar, with extended families being defined matrilineally. The nomadic Indians of the Great Plains, by contrast, were usually related patrilineally.
463707678	War and Politics	The Indians of North America engaged in wars with each other long before the coming of Europeans. Indian leadership reflected a widespread democracy, but political structure, including the role of women, varied widely from tribe to tribe.
463707679	Religion	Generally polytheistic, Indian religion was more varied than their politics. In 1492
463707680	West Africa (Guinea)	Most of the enslaved Africans that came to America originated in West Africa, or Guinea. Upper Guinea had a culture that reflected contact with the Islamic Mediterranean region, while Lower Guinea remained less cosmopolitan.
463707681	Slavery in West Africa	Slavery existed in West Africa primarily as a means of accumulating lands and wealth, but after contact with Europeans and the establishment of slave-trading posts, the internal slave trade adapted readily to meet the new demands from abroad.
463707682	Sexual Division of Labor in West Africa	In West Africa men and women shared agricultural duties, with the men also hunting or herding while the women performed household tasks and managed local commerce. In Lower Guinea, society developed based on the "dual-sex principle."
463707683	West African Religion	West African religious beliefs stressed complimentary male and female roles.
463707684	Sexual Division of Labor in Europe	Males did most of the farming or herding; women concentrated on the household and children. Men dominated European society, relegating females to positions of inferiority
463707685	Black Death	Bubonic Plague first struck Europe in 1346, then struck again in the 1360s and 1370s, killing a third of the continent's population.
463707686	Political, Economic, and Technological Change	European leaders took advantage of the chaos resulting from the Black Plague and the Hundred Years' War to engender nationalism as a means of consolidating power. Along with this political innovation, economic and technological changes shaped Europe in the fifteenth century
463707687	Motives for Explorations	Developments in Europe made possible an era of exploration designed both to gain access to markets and to spread Christianity.
464825221	Sailing in the Mediterranean	European sailors learned much of navigation, winds, and currents by sailing in the Mediterranean Atlantic, a region bounded by the Canary Island, the Azores, and the Madeiras. The most important concept being sailing "around the wind" or picking up westerly breezes that allowed ships to return safely to port.
464825222	Islands of the Mediterranean Atlantic	In the fifteenth century Europeans, particularly Portuguese and Spanish, settled the Azores, Madeiras, and Canary islands, and began plantation economies.
464825223	Portuguese Trading Posts in Africa	The Portuguese established mutually beneficial trading posts in West Africa. Later on São Tomé, the Portuguese established sugar plantations dependent on slave labor from the African interior.
464825224	Lessons of Early Colonization	Europeans learned that they could transplant crops and livestock successfully to new lands, that the inhabitants of these new regions could be conquered, and slave-based plantations could be profitable.
464825225	Columbus's Voyage	Christopher Columbus sailed west in an effort to reach Asia, but he encountered the Bahamas instead a month after starting
464825226	Columbus's Observations	Columbus made obvious his intentions by asking the natives about gold, pearls, and spices. He also marveled at the new plants and animals he encountered, and described how they could be exploited.
464825227	The Taíno People	Columbus also reported that the human inhabitants he encountered would be useful as converts and as laborers
464825228	Naming of America	Even though Columbus died believing he had found Asia, map makers named the new region America in honor of Florentine explorer, Amerigo Vespucci.
464825229	Northern Voyages	Because of the winds they confronted, mariners who sailed to the region that was to become the United States and Canada followed a route different from those who sailed to the south.
464825230	Norse Seafarers	Leif Ericsson had established a short-lived settlement in modern Newfoundland in the year 1001
464825231	John Cabot's Explorations	John Cabot deserves credit for the first formal exploration of the continent's northern coast. Other mariners added to Europe's knowledge of the Western Hemisphere.
464825232	Hernán Cortés and Malinche	Having first arrived in the West Indies in 1504, Cortés embarked for the mainland in 1519. Malinche, one of 20 slaves given to Cortés by the Mayas, became his mistress and translator. In 1521 the Aztec capital of Tenochtitlán fell to the Spaniards.
464825233	Spanish Colonization	Spanish conquerors established a colonial system that stressed strict royal control, the predominance of male settlers, and exploitation of Americans and Africans.
464825234	Christianity in New Spain	Franciscan and Dominican friars established a number of missions to Christianize Native Americans and to Hispanicize their culture, in which they were very successful.
464825235	Smallpox and Other Diseases	Hundreds of thousands of Native Americans died from European diseases, particularly smallpox, to which they had no immunity.
464825236	Trade Among Indians and Europeans	Rich fishing banks off the coast of North America attracted many Europeans to the New World. The English also developed a lucrative fur trade with the Indians. The Indians, in turn, desired European goods. This mutually beneficial trade arrangement not only affected Indian cultures but had serious ecological consequences as well.
464825237	Contest of Spain and England	Geopolitical conflict with Spain led England to desire colonies in North America.
464825238	Sir Walter Raleigh's Roanoke Colony	Early efforts by the English to settle the region they called Virginia had disastrous results
464825239	Thomas Harriot's Briefe and True Report	Thomas Harriot's Briefe and True Report Harriot, a noted scientist, publicized the benefits of Virginia, including its natural resources like copper, iron, furs, grapes, and people.
464825240	Florida	Spain established a fort and settlement at St. Augustine in 1565 to keep the French out of present-day Florida.
464825241	New Mexico	Spaniards under Juan de Oñate invaded and conquered the Pueblo country, but the colony they established turned out to be poor and indefensible, but fertile ground for missionaries.
464825242	Quebec Montreal	By the middle of the seventeenth century, France had founded Quebec and Montreal, outposts that served as that nation's claim to what is now Canada.
464825243	Jesuit Missions in New France	Friars from the Society of Jesus eventually converted thousands of natives to the Catholic faith and introduced them to European culture.
464825244	New Netherlands	In 1614, the Dutch established a post near present Albany, New York. The presence of the Dutch traders helped spawn competition, and war, among the various tribes.
464825245	Conflict in the Caribbean	The Caribbean provided the area of greatest conflict between European powers, especially as the lucrative sugar industry emerged in the region.
464825246	Social change in England	A swelling population led to geographical and social mobility, and many viewed the New World as a siphon for surplus population.
464825247	The English reformation	The English Reformation, which King Henry VIII initiated in 1533, set the stage for large numbers of English dissenters to leave their homeland.
464825248	Puritans	Conflict between the Stuart monarchs and dissenters called Puritans caused thousands of settlers to leave England in the 1630s.
464825249	The First Stuart Monarchs	James I established a new dynasty in England that was intolerant of Puritans and representative government.
464825250	Joint-Stock companies	English investors established joint-stock companies to finance early colonization projects. These forerunners of modern corporations enjoyed limited success in providing the vast long-term investment funds necessary for colonization.
464825251	Jamestown	Great difficulties beset Jamestown, the first permanent settlement in Virginia
464825252	Powhatan confederacy	Jamestown survived largely as a result of aid from the Algonkian Indians, but problems arose between the Englishmen and members of the Powhatan Confederacy.
464825253	Algonkian and English Cultural Differences	The Indians and the Europeans had many differing views, but the Englishmen's attitude of cultural superiority led to the greatest problems between the two peoples.
464825254	Virginia Company Policies	First under the Virginia Company, and later under James I, settlers to Virginia could claim 50 acres of land as a headright. In 1619 the Virginia Company allowed major landowners to elect representatives to an assembly called the House of Burgesses.
464825255	Indian uprising	Fearful of English encroachment, Powhatan's successor Opechancanough attacked Jamestown on March 22, 1622, killing 347, or one quarter of its inhabitants. This sparked warfare that ended only with the subjugation of the Powhatan Confederacy.
464825256	end of the Virginia company	James I revoked the charter of the Virginia Company in 1624, making Virginia a royal colony.
464825257	Founding of Maryland	Maryland, founded in 1632, mirrored Virginia in many ways. One important difference set Maryland apart: the colony tolerated all Christian faiths and therefore served as a haven for Catholics.
464825258	Need for laborers	obacco cultivation required a vast need for laborers, and Virginians experimented with several solutions, including Indian and African workers.
464825259	Indentured servant immigrants	Virginians met their labor needs by bringing indentured servants to the colony.
464825260	conditions of servitude	Life for these migrants proved difficult, but opportunities existed for those who fulfilled their contracts.
464825261	Standard of living	For everyone in the Chesapeake, life was severe with material wealth in short supply.
464825262	Chesapeake families	The predominance of males, the economic conditions, and high mortality rates in the Chesapeake led to fewer, smaller, and shorter-lived families in Virginia and Maryland.
464825263	Chesapeake Politics	A native-born elite with local ties and interests failed to emerge in Virginia and Maryland, leading to political instability.
464825264	Contrasting Regional Religious Patterns	Most immigrants to the Chesapeake were not affected by religious motives. By contrast, religion motivated many people who moved to the New England colonies.
464825265	Congregationalists and Separatists	Puritans believed in an omnipotent God who had predestined some people for salvation and some for damnation. Congregationalists wanted to reform the Church of England, while Separatists thought the Church of England was too corrupt to be saved.
464825266	Plymouth	Separatists, who wanted to leave the Church of England, arrived in America in 1620 and founded the settlement of Plymouth.
464825267	Pokanokets	This branch of the Wampanoags served as allies to the Pilgrims, ensuring their success.
464825268	Massachusetts Bay Company	When Charles I ascended to the throne in 1625 his anti-Puritan policy led thousands of Congregationalists to leave England for America.
464825269	Governor John Whinthrop	John Winthrop, first elected governor of Massachusetts Bay Colony in 1629, envisioned a communal society based on Christian charity that put the common good before the needs of the individual.
464825270	Ideal of covenant	The concept of covenant permeated Puritan society. This faith in mutual consent manifested itself in the colony's political institutions.
464825271	New England towns	Puritan ideas influenced land distribution in the New England colonies. Massachusetts often gave land to groups rather than to individuals, grants that led to the growth of communities rather than to large personal holdings.
464825272	Internal Migration and the Pequot War	English migration into the Connecticut valley spawned conflict with the Pequot tribe.
464825273	John Eliot and the Praying Towns	Puritans focused on "civilizing" Indians, but met with little success.
464825274	Puritan and Jesuit Missions Compared	In New England, cultural assimilation remained limited, and Jesuit missions in New France enjoyed more success than did Puritan missions in New England.
464825275	New England Families	Big families, religious intolerance, and strict morality characterized life in New England.
464825276	impact of religion	Religion permeated every facet of New England life.
464825277	Roger Williams	advocated Indians' rights, separation of church and state, and religious tolerance. In 1635, he founded the town of Providence in what became Rhode Island.
464825278	Anne Hutchinson	emphasized the covenant of grace and direct communication with God. Her ideas threatened Puritan religious orthodoxy and traditional gender relationships.
465322181	Proprietorship	6 new colonies. known ad the Restoration colonies, were founded during the reign of Charles II (1660-1685
465322182	New York	Charles gave his younger brother, the Duke of York, claim to the area the Dutch had previously settled as New Netherland.
465322183	Duke's Law	Proclaimed by the Duke of York in 1665, the Duke's Laws tolerated the maintenance of Dutch legal practices and allowed each town in New York to decide which church to support with its tax revenues. However, no provision was made for a representative assembly.
465322184	Founding of New Jersey	The Duke of York regranted much of his land to two friends, thereby limiting the geographical extent and economic growth
465322185	Pennsylvania: Quaker Haven	Charles II gave William Penn a grant in 1681 to repay a debt he owed Penn's father. A leading member of the Society of Friends, William Penn sought to establish a tolerant, humane, and dynamic colony.
465322186	William Penn's Indian Policy	Penn attempted to treat Indians fairly, which in turn attracted many Indian immigrants to his colony. The newcomers often clashed with Europeans aslo attracted by Penn's policies.
465322187	Founding of Carolina	Charles charted Carolina in 1663. The northeren region remained linked to Virginia and developed differently thean did the area around Charleston.
465322188	New France and the Iroquis	The French claimed the Great LAkes with the Mississippi valley. This expansion broght France into conflict with the Iroquis Confederacy, which exerted great influence in what became northeasters United States. Competition for European trade sparked a series of wars in the region that lasted until 1701.
465322189	French expansion into the Mississippi Valley	After the French founded New Orlenes in 1718, its posts alonf the Mississippi became the glue of empire.
465322190	Popé and the Pueblo Revolt	Resentment over Spanish treatment led a shaman named Popé to lead a revolt among the Pueblo Indians in 1680. This uprising was the most successful Indian resistance in North America.
465322191	Spains North American Possessions	By using forts and missions, Spain expanded its holdings to include California and Texas.
465322192	Population Pressures in New England	The population increase in the New England area placed great pressure on the available land.
465322193	King Phillips War	Concerened by the encroachment of English settlers King Phillip, chief of the Pokanokets, led a bloody war In New England 1675-1676
465322194	Bacon's Rebellion	Conflict between ENglish settlers and Indians in Virginia turned into a Political struggle between Nathaniel Bacon and Govoner William Berkeley
465322195	Atlantic Trading System	The traffic in slaves became the linchpin of a complicated web of exchange that tied the peoples of the Atlantic world together
465322196	New England and the Caribbean	The sale of New England foodstuffs and wood products to Caribbean sugar palnters provided New Englanders with a major source of income.
465322197	The Human Tragedy of the Slave Trade	This voyage that transported Africans to the Americas proved particularly deadly, with high percentages of black slaves and white overseers dying in Africa or at sea.
465322198	West Africa and the Slave Trade	West Africa experienced profound demographic changes because of the slave trade. Also, some African kings consolidated their political power as a result of the role they played in the commerce.
465322199	European Rivalries and the Slave Trade	Europeans benefited the most from the slave trade, and their economies shifted away from trade in Asia and the Mediterranean to the Atlantic trade. Furthermore, attempts to control the slave trade caused rivalries among European nations.
465322200	Mercantilism	England used its colonies in an attempt to become self-sufficient while maintaining a favorable balance of trade with other countries.
465322201	Navigation Acts	Parliament sought to advance its mercantilist policies through a series of trade laws passed between 1651 and 1673. These acts, which made England the center of all trade, met with resistance in North America.
465322202	Board of Trade and Plantations	In 1696, Parliament hoped to improve its administration over the colonies when it established the Board of Trade and Plantations.
465322203	Enslavement in the Chesapeake	By 1720, Africans made up 20 percent of the population in the Chesapeake
465322204	Impact of Slavery on the Anglo-American Chesapeake	This concentration of slaves influenced the economic activities, demographic patterns, and social values of the region.
465322205	Enslavement in South Carolina	The large number of slaves in South Carolina, along with similarities in the climates of West Africa and the colony, helped ensure the survival of African culture.
465886842	Rice and Indigo	South Carolina developed a rice economy based mostly on skills brought in by enslaved Africans. Indigo, too, flourished because of knowledge bought by West Indian slaves.
465886843	Indian Enslavement in North and South Carolina	Indians were among the many people held in slavery in both the Carolinas. Bitterness over the trade in Indian slaves caused the Tuscarora War.
465886844	Yamasee War	The abuses associated with the trade in Indian slaves also led to the Yamasee War in South Carolina.
465886845	Slaves in Spanish North America	Spanish authorities in Florida in 1693 offered freedom to runaway slaves who would convert to Catholicism.
465886846	Slaves in French Louisiana	Both Africans and Indians were held as slaves in French Louisiana, but Louisiana remained a society with slaves rather than a slave society.
465886847	Enslavement in the North	Involvement of the northern colonies in the slave trade ensured that many people of African descent lived in that region.
465886848	Colonial Political Structures	Each of the colonies generally had a governor, some form of council, and an assembly. Local political institutions, such as town meetings or county courts, also developed in America.
465886849	A Tradition of Autonomy Challenged	James II and his successors attempted to tighten the reins of government by reducing the colonies' political autonomy.
465886850	Dominion of New England	James II attempted to strengthen royal control over the New England colonies by creating the Dominion of New England in 1686.
465886851	Glorious Revolution in America	News of the Glorious Revolution encouraged New Englanders to overthrow Governor Edmund Andros.
465886852	King William's War	A war with the French and their Algonquian allies added to New England's problem
465886853	The 1692 Witchcraft CrisiS	A witch hunt broke out in Salem, Massachusetts, in 1692. The intense but short-lived incident reflected the social and political stresses of the day.
465886854	Accommodation to Empire	Although the colonists resented the new imperial order, they adjusted to its demands and restrictions.