AP Biology Chapter 13 Flashcards

252891830	evolution	Descent with modification; the idea that living species are descendants of ancestral species that were different from present-day ones; also, the genetic changes in a population from generation to generation.
252891831	fossil	A preserved remnant or impression of an organism that lived in the past.
252891832	adaptions	An inherited characteristic that enhances an organism's ability to survive and reproduce in a particular environment.
252891833	artificial selection	The selective breeding of domesticated plants and animals to promote the occurrence of desirable traits.
252891834	natural selection	A process in which individuals with certain inherited traits are more likely to survive and reproduce than are individuals that do not have those traits.
252891835	paleontologists	A scientist who studies fossils.
252891836	fossil record	The chronicle of evolution over millions of years of geologic time engraved in the order in which fossils appear in rockstrata.
252891837	strata	Rock layers formed when new layers of sediment cover older ones and compress them.
252891838	biogeography	The study of the past and present distribution of organisms.
252891839	homology	Similarity in characteristics resulting from a shared ancestry.
252891840	homologous structures	Structures in different species that are similar because of common ancestry.
252891841	vestigal structures	A feature of an organism that is a historical remnant of a structure that served a function in the organism's ancestors.
252891842	molecular biology	The study of the molecular basis of genes and gene expression; molecular genetics.
254833231	evolutionary tree	A branching diagram that reflects a hypothesis about evolutionary relationships among groups of organisms.
254833232	population	A group of individuals belonging to one species and living in the same geographic area.
254833233	gene pool	All the alleles for all the genes in a population.
254833234	microevolution	A change in a population's gene pool over generations.
254833235	Hardy-Weinberg principle	The principle that frequencies of alleles and genotypes in a population remain constant from generation to generation, provided that only Mendelian segregation and recombination of alleles are at work.
258770712	genetic drift	A change in the gene pool of a population due to chance. Effects of genetic drift are most pronounced in small populations.
258770713	bottleneck effect	Genetic drift resulting from a drastic reduction in population size. Typically, the surviving population is no longer genetically representative of the original population.
258770714	founder effect	Genetic drift that occurs when a few individuals become isolated from a larger population and form a new population whose gene pool is not reflective of that of the original population.
258770715	relative fitness	The contribution an individual makes to the gene pool of the next generation, relative to the contributions of other individuals in the population.
258770716	stabalizing selection	Natural selection that favors intermediate variants by acting against extreme phenotypes.
258770717	directional selection	Natural selection in which individuals at one end of the phenotypic range survive and reproduce more successfully than do other individuals.
258770718	disruptive selection	Natural selection in which individuals on both extremes of a phenotypic range are favored over intermediate phenotypes.
258770719	sexual selection	A form of natural selection in which individuals with certain inherited traits are more likely than other individuals to obtain mates.
258770720	sexual dimorphism	Marked differences between the secondary sex characteristics of males and females.
258770721	balancing selection	Natural selection that maintains stable frequencies of two or more phenotypic forms in a population.
258770722	heterozygous advantage	Greater reproductive success of heterozygous individuals compared to homozygotes; tends to preserve variation in gene pools.
258770723	frequency-dependent selection	Selection in which the fitness of aphenotype depends on how common the phenotype is in a population.
258782197	gene flow	The transfer of alleles from one population to another as a result of the movement of individuals or their gametes.
260663231	Carlos Linnaeus	Developed taxonomy and binomial nomenclature
260663232	Georges Cuvier	Advocated catastrophism
260663233	Jean-Baptiste Lemark	developed an early theory on evolution based on two principles: Use and Disuse, and Inheritance of acquired characteristics
260663234	Embryonic homologies	comparison of early stages of animal development reveals many anatomical homologies in embryos that are not visible in adult organisms
260663235	Convergent evolution	explains why distantly related species can resemble one another. the likenesses that result from this are called analogous
260663236	endemic species	species found at a certain geographic area and nowhere else
260663237	1) No mutations 2) Random mating 3) No natural selection 4) No genetic drift 5) No gene flow	5 principles of Hardy-Weinberg principle
260663238	diploidy	because most eukaryotes are diploid, they are capable of hiding genetic variation (recessive alleles) from selection
260663239	macroevolution	evolutionary change above the species level, such as the appearance of feathers and other such novelties