AP Biology Chapter 15 Flashcards

113092254	Genes are located on	Chromosomes
113092255	Diploid Cells	Chromosomes and genes are both present in pairs in diploid cells. Homologoud chromosomes separate and alleles segregate during the process of meiosis.
113092256	Chromosomal Theory of inheritance	Mendelian genes have specific positions on chromosomes, and it is the chromosomes that undergo segregation and independent assortment.
113095398	Wild type	the most common phenotype for a character.
113095399	Thomas Hunt Morgan	experiment with the flies, had a white one which he initialized as w. + = allele for wild type
113102264	flys chromosomes	female XX male XY
113102265	Morgan's breading resutls	All f1 was red eye, f2 had 3:1 ratio. White eye showed up only in males.Eye color was linked to sex
113102266	Fly chromosomes and his experiment	white eye exclusively on x chromosomes. Male has only one x chromosome so there is no dominant to offset it. Female could only have white eye if both x's were it. This was impossible since the male had it.
113108627	Chromosome gene ratio:	Way more genes then chromosomes, each chromosome has hundreds to thousands of genes.
113108628	Linked Genes	Genes located on the same chromosome that tend to e inherited together in genetic crosses.
113128025	Morgan's second experiment	color and wing size are partially linked to genetics.
113128026	Genetic Recombination	the production of offspring with combination of traits differing from those fond in either parents.
113128027	meiosis and fertilization	generate genetic variation among offspring of sexually reproducing organisms.
113147826	Parental Types	match one of the parents phenotypes.
113147827	Recombinant Types	different combination of phenotype then parent
113147828	50% of offspring are recombinant	50% frequency of recombination
113147829	genes that are located on two different chromosomes	50% frequency of recombination
113147830	Linked genes	less then 50% frequency of recombination
113175602	Crossing over	occurs doing prophase of meiosis 1
113199762	Genetic Map	an ordered list of the genetic loci along a particular chromosomes.
113199763	Range and crossing over	farther apart two genes are higher likelihood of crossing over.therefore, higher recombinant frequency.
113199764	Linkage Map	genetic map based on recombination frequencies.
113199765	Map Units	one map unit = 1% recobination frequency.
113199766	Some genes are so far apart	crossover between them is certain.
113199767	Cytogenetic maps	locate genes with respect to the chromosomal features.
113346560	X OR Y BIGGER?	X
113346561	MALES SPERM	1/2 X 1/2 Y
113375256	SEX CHROMOSOMES	HAVE MANY GENES UNRELATED TO SEX (ESPECIALLY X)
113375257	SEX LINKED GENE	GENE LOCATED ON SEX CHROMOSOME
113424599	BARR BODY	inactive x female condenses into it. inside the nuclear enveope.
113424600	Females consist of a mosiac of two types of cells	those with active x derived from the father and those with active X derived from the mother.
113484069	Nondisjuction	Mitotic spindle distributes chromosomes, error occurs.
113484070	Nondisjuction in meiosis 1	members of a pair of homologous chromosomes do not move apart properly during meosis 1
113484071	Nondisjuction in meiosis 2	sister chromatids fail to seperate
113484072	if nondisjunction occurs in mitosis	condition is passed to a large number of cells. very bad
113542938	Aneupolid Gametes	caused by nondisjection in meiosis.
113542939	Anuepolid Zygote	Aneupolid gamete combinds with a normal haploid gamete during fertilization. Very bad.
113647202	Nondisjunction of sex chromosomes	not as bad.
113647203	XXY in male..	bad
113647204	Worst type of chromosome changes	Deletion and translocation.
113653002	Genomic Imprinting	variation in phenotype depending on whetheran allele is inherited from male or female parent.
113653003	Genomic imprinting occurs	during the formation of gametes. e
113653004	Two exceptions to mendel	genes located in nucleor or near nucleus