Biology Midterm 2012 CCHS Flashcards
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| 289688458 | 1. What are the 8 major characteristics of living things? Briefly, describe each one. | R: reproduce A: adapt (over generations) R: respond (to the environment) E: energy H: homeostasis O: organized into cells G: grow G: genetic material (DNA) | |
| 289688459 | 2. What are the 8 levels at which life can be studied? | Molecule: made of groups of atoms Cell: smallest unit of life Groups of cells: organ systems, organs, tissues Organism: individual living things Population: individual species living in the same area Community: population of different species living in the same area Ecosystem: community and non-living surroundings Biosphere: contains all ecosystems | |
| 289688460 | 3. a. What is the difference between unicellular and multicellular organisms? b. Is this the same as prokaryotic and eukaryotic? Why or why not? | Unicellular organisms only have one cell and multi-cellular organisms have more than one. No, prokaryotic cells do not have a nucleus and eukaryotic cells do have a nucleus. | |
| 289688462 | c. Which kingdoms of organisms are prokaryotes? Which kingdoms of organisms are eukaryotes? | Prokaryotes: Eubacteria and Archaebacteria Eukaryotes: Protista, Fungi, Plantae, Animalia | |
| 289688463 | 4. What is homeostasis? How is it maintained? How do humans maintain constant body temperature? | Homeostasis is the ability to maintain stable internal conditions when the environment changes. Homeostasis is maintained by sweating or shivering if one is too hot or too cold | |
| 289688464 | 5. What is a hypothesis? What is a scientific theory? | A hypothesis is an educated guess about how something works and a scientific theory is a hypothesis supported by testing and facts. | |
| 289688465 | 6. What is a controlled experiment? | An experiment in which all variables are controlled and stable except the one being tested. | |
| 289688466 | 7. In a controlled experiment, what is a/an Independent (manipulated) variable? Dependent (responding) variable? Control group? Experimental group? | Independent variable: the variable being tested Dependent variable: usually the thing you are measuring Control group: the group used to compare to the experimental group Experimental group: the group testing the variable | |
| 294050488 | 8. What are the charges or protons, neutrons, and electrons. Where are they located in the atom? | Protons have a positive charge, neutrons have a neutral charge and electrons have a negative charge. Protons and neutrons are located in the nucleus and electrons are outside of the nucleus. | |
| 294050489 | 9. How does one element differ from another? | Elements differ because of their number of protons in the nucleus which specifies their atomic number. | |
| 294050490 | 10. What determines the atomic number of an element? | The number of protons in the nucleus. | |
| 294050491 | 11. What is an isotope? | An isotope is an atom that varies in number of neutrons. | |
| 294050492 | 12. What are the six most common elements in living things? Name elements and give symbols. | C: carbon H: hydrogen N: nitrogen O: oxygen P: phosphorous S: sulfur | |
| 294050493 | 13. What are electron shells, and why are they important when talking about atoms bonding together? | Electron shells are rings around the nucleus that contain electrons. If the shell is full the atom is stable and if the shell is incomplete it can bond with other atoms. The first shell holds 2 and the second holds 8 electrons. | |
| 294050494 | 14. What is the difference between ionic and covalent bonding? Be able to explain/diagram both. | Ionic Bonding: One or more electrons are donated or received between atoms. Covalent bonding: One or more pairs of electrons are shared between atoms. | |
| 294050495 | 15. Why is water a polar molecule? What does it mean for a molecule to be polar or non-polar? | Water is a polar molecule because the oxygen atom pulls on the hydrogen atoms electrons and causes them to have a slightly positive charge while the oxygen atom has a slightly negative charge. | |
| 294050496 | 16. What is hydrogen bonding? How does hydrogen bonding differ from ionic and covalent bonding? | Hydrogen bonding is between water atoms because of their slightly charged state. | |
| 294050497 | 17. What is an acid? What is a base? What is the pH scale?Is something with a pH of 2 more or less acidic than something with the pH of 6? Why? | Acid: Makes a solution more acidic Base: Makes a solution more basic pH scale: A measurement of how acidic or basic a water based solution is. 0 is acidic because there are more hydrogen ions and 14 is basic because there are more hydroxide ions. | |
| 294050498 | 18. What is a compound? How do organic and inorganic compounds differ? | A compound is a substance formed by the chemical combination of two or more elements in definite proportions. | |
| 294050499 | 19. What does the word "macromolecule" mean? How does this word relate to the word "polymer"? | Macromolecules are made from hundreds/thousands of smaller molecules. Monomers join together to form polymers so Macromolecules are a type of polymer. | |
| 294050500 | 20. What does the word "monomer" or "subunit" mean? What does "polymer" mean? | Monomer is the smaller unit that bunch together to form polymers. | |
| 294050501 | 21. What are the four types of organic macromolecules in living things? | Carbohydrates, lipids, proteins and nucleic acids | |
| 294050502 | 22. What are the basic functions of each of these four types of organic macromolecules? | Carbohydrates: provide energy, Lipids: Store energy, Proteins: Many, Nucleic Acids: store and use genetic info | |
| 294050503 | 23. What are the monomer subunits of each type of organic macromolecules? | Carbohydrates:mono, di, and polysaccharides Lipids: No monomer Proteins: Amino acids Nucleic acids: Nucleotides | |
| 294050504 | 24. Name some examples of each type of the four organic macromolecules. What are their functions? | Carbohydrates:sugars; provide energy, lipids: fats; protect and insulate, proteins: insulin regulates blood sugar, nucleic acids: dna and rna | |
| 294050505 | 25. What elements make up each type of molecule? Which molecules are polar? Which are nonpolar? | Carbohydrates: C, H and O (Polar) ; Lipids: C, H and some O (Non-polar); Proteins: C,H,N,O,S (Polar) ; Nucleic Acids: C,H,N,O,P (Polar) | |
| 294050506 | 26. What is a chemical reaction? | A chemical reaction is when two molecules collide, break bonds and form new bonds. Reactants are started and products are what come out of a reaction. | |
| 294050507 | 27. What is the energy of activation for a chemical reaction? | Activation energy is the energy it takes to create a chemical reaction. | |
| 294050508 | 28. Do enzymes speed up chemical reactions by raising or lowering the energy of activation for reactions? How do they do this? | They speed up chemical reactions by reducing the amount of activation energy. They do this by bidning with the substrate and converting reactants to products then releasing the substrate. | |
| 294050509 | 29. What is an enzyme? How do enzymes differ from catalysts in general? | An enzyme is a biological catalyst that speeds up chemical reactions. | |
| 294050510 | 30. What type of molecule are enzymes? | It is a protein | |
| 294050511 | 31. What is a substrate? | A substrate is the reactants tat the enzyme acts on. | |
| 294050512 | 32. What is an enzyme's active site? Why are an enzyme and substrate like a lock and key? | An active site is where the enzyme holds the substrate. Enzymes are specific to ONE chemical reaction and only one substrate will fit in the active site. | |
| 294050513 | 33. What does it mean for an enzyme to become denatured? What types of conditions cause denaturing? | Denaturing is when an enzyme changes shape so it can no longer be used. It can be caused by heat or a change in pH level. | |
| 294050514 | 34. Why do we need carbohydrates in our diet? fats? proteins? water? vitamins? minerals? | Need nutrients for energy, raw materials, growth, repair and maintenance. | |
| 294050515 | 35. What are the roles of the following structures of the human digestive system? mouth, esophagus, stomach, small intestine. villi, pancreas, liver, gall bladder, large intestine | Mouth: Mechanical digestion and Chemical digestion begin Esophagus: Food travels by peristalsis (wave like muscular contractions) to get to stomach Stomach: Digestion Small intestine: Digestion continues Villi: Increase surface area Pancreas: Produces enzymes and base Liver: Produces bile Gall bladder: Stores bile Large intestine: Nutrients are reabsorbed | |
| 294050516 | 36. What is different between chemical and mechanical digestion? | Chemical: Enzymes break down food Mechanical: Physically breaks things into smaller pieces | |
| 294050517 | 37. Why are different enzymes needed to break down different types of molecules? | Enzymes are specialized and only match up with one substrate. | |
| 294735043 | 38. What are three functions of the excretory system? | 1. Get rid of wastes produced by the body 2. Maintain stable blood volume and pH level 3. Maintain stable levels of salts, water and nutrients | |
| 294735044 | 39. What is the role of skin, the lungs, and the liver in the excretory system? | Skin: Sweats and excretes excess water and salts Lungs: Excrete carbon dioxide Liver: Converts wastes into useful compounds | |
| 294735045 | 40. What is the function of the kidneys in the excretory system? How do kidneys help to regulate salt and water balance in the body? | Kidneys remove waste, maintain blood pH, and regulate the water content of the blood. | |
| 294735046 | 42. Compare and contrast a prokaryotic and eukaryotic cell, listing at least 3 similarities and 3 differences. | Prokaryotic: Do not have a nucleus, are unicellular, don't contain many organelles that euk. cells do Eukaryotic: Have a nucleus, are uni- or multi-cellular, have many organelles | |
| 294735047 | 43. Compare and contrast an animal and a plant cell. Which structures are only in animal cells? In plants? | Animal: Have centriole Plant: Have cell wall, chloroplasts, central vacuole | |
| 294735048 | 44. What is cell theory? | Cell theory: 1. Cell is basic unit of life 2. All life forms are made from cells 3. Cells arise from similar cells | |
| 294735049 | 45. What is so important about cell membranes, both the plasma membrane and the internal membranes? | They are selectively permeable meaning that they decide what enters/exits. | |
| 294735050 | 46. What is the main molecule in membranes? What other type of molecules are embedded within membranes, and why are they important? | The main molecule in membranes are phospholipids, there are also proteins that help transport molecules. | |
| 294735051 | 47. What is meant by selective permeability when speaking of membranes? | Some things are allowed in and others are not, some things need a transport protein and others do not. | |
| 294735052 | 48. What is different between passive and active transport? | Passive transport is when substances move from high to low concentration and active transport is from low to high. | |
| 294735053 | 49. What is diffusion? | Non-polar molecules move through the cell membrane on their own from high to low concentration. | |
| 294735054 | 50. What is osmosis? | When water uses a transport protein to get into the cell. | |
| 294735055 | 51. What is a concentration gradient? What does it mean to move down/with or up/against a concentration gradient? | The concentration gradient is where something is high concentration and where something is low concentration. Moving down the concentration gradient is from high to low. | |
| 294735056 | 52. What is a hypotonic solution, and in which direction will water flow if a cell is in a solution that is hypotonic in relation to the concentration inside the cell? Hypertonic? Isotonic? | Hypotonic: When a solution has a higher concentration of water than solute. Hypertonic: When a solution has higher concentration of solute than water. Isotonic: When the concentration of solute and water is the same on either side of the membrane. | |
| 294735057 | 53. Why is water balance important for living things? | Water balance is important because some cells can swell and burst with too much water or shrivel without enough. | |
| 294735058 | 54. What are transport proteins? How do they function for passive transport? Active transport? | Transport proteins are proteins that transport materials across the membrane. For passive transport the protein creates a polar environment to allow the solute through and for active transport ATP must power the protein to push the solute through. | |
| 294735059 | 55. How are light microscopes used to study cells? If you looked at a cell under higher magnification, would the specimen appear larger or smaller? Would the distance in the field of view be larger or smaller? | It uses light and lenses to magnify the image, the cell would appear larger and the field of view would be smaller. | |
| 294735060 | 56. What is the function of the circulatory system? | To circulate substances made in some parts of the body to other parts that need them. | |
| 294735061 | 57. What is different between pulmonary and systemic circulation? Describe the pathway of circulation (including names of major blood vessels) into and out of the heart. | Pulmonary circulation is the right side of the heart with de-oxygenated blood, systematic is the left side with oxygenated blood. LORD: (Left Oxygenated, Right Deoxygenated), AboVe: (atria above vertricles) A before V: (Enters through arteries and leaves through ventricles) Arteries Away, Veins Towards. Right side: Enters through Superior/Inferior vena cava, enters right atrium then ventricle, leaves through pulmorary artery towards lungs Left side: Enters through Pulmonary veins, enters left atrium then ventricle, leaves through the aorta. | |
| 294735062 | 58. How many chambers are in a mammalian heart? | Two chambers. | |
| 294735063 | 59. What is different about the structure and function of arteries, veins, and capillaries? | Arteries: Thickest most muscular walls Veins: Have valves to prevent back flow b/c of low blood pressure Capillaries: Very thin walls | |
| 294735064 | 60. What is the function of the following components of blood? plasma, red blood cells, white blood cells, platelets | Plasma: Water that makes blood a solution Red Blood Cells: Carry oxygen White Blood Cells: Fight disease Platelets: Help blood clot | |
| 294735065 | 61. What is the function of the respiratory system? How does this function relate to cellular respiration? | The exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide between the blood, air and tissues. Cellular respiration's function is to break down carbohydrates into energy but that can only occur if there is oxygen. | |
| 294735066 | 62. What are the functions of the following structures of the human respiratory system? Mouth, Pharynx, Trachea, Epiglottis, Larynx, Bronchi, Alveoli, Lungs, Diaphragm muscle | Mouth: Where substances enter the body Pharynx: Back of mouth Trachea: Brings air to lungs (wind pipe) Epiglottis: Folds over to protect trachea from liquid or food Larynx: Voice box/vocal chords Bronchi: Smaller branches of the bronchus Alveoli: Surrounded by capillaries so oxygen can rapidly diffuse Lungs: Where gas exchange occurs Diaphragm muscle: Contracts when you inhale | |
| 294735067 | 63. What molecule transports oxygen in the blood? | Hemoglobin transports oxygen in red blood cells. | |
| 294735068 | 64. What are five functions of the skeleton? | 1. Support body 2. Move body 3. Protect internal organs 4. Make blood cells 5. Store minerals | |
| 294735069 | 65. What is cartilage? | It is very flexible connective tissue that is between bones so they can move without grinding against eachother. | |
| 294735070 | 66. Where do blood cells form? | In red bone marrow. | |
| 294735071 | 67. What is different between a ball-and-socket, hinge, and pivot joint? | Ball & Socket: Bones can turn in several directions Hinge: Back and forth movement Pivot: Two bones rotate around eachother | |
| 294735072 | 68. What are the functions of tendons and ligaments? | Tendons: connect bone to muscle Ligaments: connect bone to bone | |
| 294735073 | 69. What are the three types of muscle? Where are these types of muscle found in the body? | Skeletal: All over the body, connected to bones Cardiac: The muscle around the heart Smooth: Internal organs | |
| 294735074 | 70. How do muscles move parts of the body? | Opposite muscles contract and relax at opposite times to pull and release ligaments. | |
| 294735075 | 71. What are autotrophs? What are heterotrophs? | Autotrophs make their own food and heterotrophs eat food for energy. | |
| 294735076 | 72. What is ATP? | ATP is a high energy molecule that powers chemical reactions. It is made in mitochondria and through glycolysis. | |
| 294735077 | 73. How is stored energy in ATP released to power chemical reactions in the cell? | The third phosphate of ATP breaks off during a chemical reaction. | |
| 294735078 | 74. Where does the sugar that heterotrophs break down in cellular respiration come from? Where does the sugar that autotrophs break down come from? | The sugar that heterotrophs get comes from food and the sugar that autotrophs get is from water and CO2. | |
| 294735079 | 75. What is the chloroplast? | A chloroplast is the organelle in plants that takes sunlight and carbon dioxide and makes glucose and oxygen. | |
| 294735080 | 76. What is the overall equation for photosynthesis? How does this relate to the equation for cellular respiration? | 6CO₂ + 6H₂O = C₆H₁₂O₆ + 6O₂ Cellular Respiration is the opposite: C₆H₁₂O₆ + 6O₂ = 6CO₂ + 6H₂O + ATP | |
| 294735081 | 77. What are pigments? Why are plants green? Or, what wavelengths of light are absorbed by chlorophyll and used for photosynthesis? What wavelengths of light are reflected and transmitted (not absorbed or used)? | Pigments reflect certain colors and absorb others, Chloropyll absorbs all colors and reflects green. | |
| 294735082 | 78. What is the name of the molecule that absorbs light in the chloroplast? | Chlorophyll is the molecule that absorbs light in chloroplasts. | |
| 294735083 | 79. How will you avoid confusing the terms chlorophyll and chloroplast? | Im not stupid. | |
| 294735084 | 80. What is the overall equation for cellular respiration? For photosynthesis? How are they related? | Cellular Resperation: 6O2 + C6H12O6 = 6CO2 + 6H2O + ATP Photosynthesis: 6CO2 + 6H2O = 6O2 + C6H12O6 The reactants and products are switched in these reactions. | |
| 294735085 | 81. What is the relationship between breathing and cellular respiration? | If you aren't taking in oxygen by breathing cellular respiration cannot occur so ATP is not made. | |
| 294735086 | 82. What is the difference between aerobic respiration and anaerobic respiration (also called anaerobic glycolysis or glycolysis and fermentation)? | Aerobic respiration occurs in the mitochondria and anaerobic respiration occurs in the cytoplasm and can only make small amounts of ATP. | |
| 294735087 | 83. Why does glycolysis and lactic acid fermentation sometimes take place instead of aerobic respiration in muscle cells? | When there is a lack of oxygen to muscle cells, the cells will make ATP anaerobically in the cytoplasm. | |
| 294735088 | 84. What is produced by lactic acid fermentation? By alcoholic fermentation? | Lactic acid is a product of lactic acid fermentation and carbon dioxide & alcohol from alcoholic fermentation. | |
| 294735089 | 85. What is cell division? | Cell division is when a cell divides to create daughter cells. | |
| 294735090 | 86. Why are cells small? | 1) If a cell gets too big it doesnt have enough DNA to provide info for all of the cell. 2) The cell must have a large surface area relative to volume to get nutrients in and wastes out. | |
| 294735091 | 87. What are chromosomes? How do chromosomes relate to chromatin? What are histones? | Chromosomes contain DNA. Chromatin wraps around proteins called histones to create chromosomes. | |
| 294735092 | 88. What are sister chromatids? Why are they formed? When they are pulled apart, is each a full chromosome, or a half of a chromosome? | Sister chromatids are two identical chromosomes that are connected at a centromere. They are created for cell division and are each a full chromosome when they are pulled apart. | |
| 294735093 | 89. What is the cell cycle? What are the phases of the cell cycle? What occurs during each? | G1: Regular cell life, the cell preforms its job and grows S: Chromosomes are duplicated G2: The cell prepares for division M: Cell division | |
| 294735094 | 90. How does cancer relate to the cell cycle? | A cancer cell ignores cell cycle regulators and continues to divide infinitely. | |
| 294735095 | 91. What is mitosis? | The division of a cell, making two daughter cells to repair injured tissue, to grow or to replace worn out cells. | |
| 294735096 | 92. What are all the phases of mitosis? What happens to the chromosomes in each phase? | PMAT-C: Prophase: Chromosomes become visible Metaphase: Chromosomes line up in center of cell and connect to spindle Anaphase: Chromosomes are pulled apart into seperate chromosomes Telophase: Chromosomes lose distinct shpes and spread out in seperate nuclei Cytokinesis: The cell divides completely | |
| 294735097 | 93. What is cytokinesis? How is cytokinesis different in plant cells compared to animal cells? | Cytokinesis: The division of cytoplasm at the end of cell division Plant Cells: When cytoplasm divides a cell plate forms, plant cells need to form a new cell wall Animal Cells: When cytoplasm divides a cleavage furrow forms | |
| 294735098 | 94. What are gametes? What is fertilization? What is a zygote? What are somatic cells? | Gamete: A sex cell (sperm or egg) Fertilization: When a sperm meets an egg and the chromosomes combine in one cell Zygote: A fertilized egg Somatic cells: Regular muscle cells | |
| 294735099 | 95. What is meant when a cell is haploid? diploid? What is the haploid number of chromosomes in a human sperm or egg cell? What is the diploid number of chromosomes in a human body (somatic) cell? | Haploid: Has one full set of chromosomes Diploid: Has two sets of chromosomes Human gamete has 23 chromosomes and a human somatic cell has 46. | |
| 294735100 | 96. What are homologous chromosomes? What are autosomes? What are sex chromosomes? | Homologous chromosomes are matching, one from mom and one from dad. Autosomes are regular chromosomes and sex chromosomes (X and Y) determine the sex of an organism | |
| 294735101 | 97. What is meiosis? What type of cells does meiosis create? Are these haploid or diploid? Why? | Meiosis is the division of cells to form gametes (sex cells) that are haploid because two gametes come together to produce a diploid cell that becomes a fetus. | |
| 294735102 | 98. Compare and contrast all meiosis with mitosis. What are the main differences, and what happens as a result of those differences? | DNA is replicated once before process begins: Meiosis: The cell divides twice Tetrads form 4 daughter cells Different from orig. cell: 1/2 the # of chromosomes Sexual reproduction Mitosis: The cell divides once Tetrads do not form 2 daughter cells Identical to the orig. cell Growth, repair & asexual reproduction | |
| 294735103 | 99. What is nondisjunction? How does Down's Syndrome result from nondisjunction? | Nondisjunction is the failure of chromosomes to separate correctly during cell division. This can cause extra or missing homologous chromosomes in an offspring's DNA which can cause disorder. | |
| 294735104 | 100. What is a karyotype? | A photo showing matched pairs of homologous chromosomes from an organism. | |
| 295074819 | Chromatin | DNA bound to protein to maintain its shape | |
| 295074820 | Ribosomes | Make proteins | |
| 295074821 | Nucleus | Brain of the cell, stores genetic info, membranous | |
| 295074822 | Nuclear Envelope | Double membrane containing pores to control what enters/exits | |
| 295074823 | Nucleolus | Where Ribosomes begin to be made, looks like a dark spot in the nucleus | |
| 295074824 | Rough ER | Makes proteins for membranes and proteins to be secreted from cell | |
| 295074825 | Smooth ER | Makes lipids | |
| 295074826 | Golgi Apparatus | Attaches proteins to things and directs them around the cell | |
| 295074827 | Lysosomes | Break down things for reuse | |
| 295074828 | Vacuole | Sac-like structures that store nutrients | |
| 295074829 | Transport Vesicle | Membranous sacs used to transport substances around the cell | |
| 295074830 | Central Vacuole | Large sac in center of plants, stores water to support structure of cell | |
| 295074831 | Cell Wall | Supports & protects cell | |
| 295074832 | Chloroplasts | Use energy from the sun, CO₂ and H₂O to make carbohydrates | |
| 295074833 | Mitochondria | Use energy from carbohydrates to make ATP | |
| 295074834 | Cytoskeletan | Supports cell & guides movement of substances in cell | |
| 295074835 | Centriole | Help coordinate cell division in animals | |
| 295074836 | Cytoplasm | Watery substance that is inside the cell | |
| 295074837 | Cell Membrane | Regulates substances that leave/enter the cell |