Chapter 7 Behavioral Sciences Flashcards

419871482	Theory	Describes and/or explains the relationship between two or more observations.
419871483	Deductive theory	Proceeds from general ideas, knowledge, or understanding of the social world from which specific hypotheses are logically deduced and tested.
419871484	Inductive theory	Proceeds from concrete observations from which general conclusions are inferred through a process of reasoning.
419871485	Interpretive sociology	Studies the processes whereby human beings attach meaning to their lives.
419871486	Conflict paradigm / theory	Views society as being characterized by conflict and inequality.
419871487	Structural Functionalism	A framework for building theory that sees society as a complex system whose parts work together to promote solidarity and stability.
419871488	Verstehen	Understanding as a means of characterizing and interpreting or explaining.
419871489	Independent variable	One that influences another variable.
419871490	Dependent variable	One being influenced by another variable.
419871491	Representative sampline	One that accurately reflects the population form which it is drawn
419871492	Random sample	One where every member of the population has the same chance of being chosen for study (as in throwing names of everyone in a hat).
419871493	Systematic sample	Type of sample in which the "nth" unit in a list is selected for inclusion in the sample (for example the 5th person listed in a phone book).
419871494	Stratified sampling	Uses the differences that already exist in a population, such as between males and females, as the basis for selecting sample.
419871495	Unobtrusive observation	Observing from a distance, not being involved in the group or activity being studied.
419871496	Participant Observation	Observant who is a member of the group or a participant in the activity he/she is studying.
419871497	Secondary Analysis	Analysis of existing sources of information.
419871498	Content Analysis	The techniques employed to describe the contents of the materials (percentages, average, rate...).
419871499	Primary Socialization	Refers to the initial socialization that a child receives through which he or she becomes a member of society.
419871500	Secondary socialization	Refers to the subsequent experience of socialization into new sectors of society by an already socialized person.
419871501	Resocialization	Refers to the process of discarding behavioral practices and adopting new ones as part of a transition in life.
419885550	Social Structure	The way in which people's relationships in society are arranged to form a network.
419885551	Ascribed Status	Automatically and involuntarily conferred on individuals without any effort or choice made on their part.
419885552	Achieved Status	One that is assumed largely through ones own doing or efforts.
419885553	Master Status	Is the status with which a person is most identified.
419885554	Status Set	Consist of all the statuses that a person occupies.
419885555	Role	Refers to what a person does by virtue of occupying a particular status or position.
419885556	Role Strain	Referes to the situation where different and conflicting expectations exist with regard to a particular status.
419885557	Role Conflict	Occurs when a person occupies multiple statuses that contradict one another.
419885558	Group	Assembly of people or things.
419885559	Association	Type of relationship formed on the basis of an accommodation of interest or on the basis or an agreement.
419885560	Command relationship	Formed on the basis of a subjective feeling of the parties "that they belong together" whether the feeling is personal or is linked with tradition.
419885561	Peer Group	"An association of self-selected equals" formed around common interests, sensibilities, preferences, and beliefs.
419885562	Aggregate	Consists of a number of people who happen to be in the same place at the same time.
419885563	Social Category	Consistes of a number of people with certain characteristics in common.
419885564	Social Group	Consists of a collection of people interacting with one another in an orderly fashion.
419893028	Primary Group	The interaction is direct, the common bonds are close and intimate, and the relationships among members are warm, intimate, and personal.
419893029	Secondary Group	Interaction is anonymous, the bonds are impersonal, the duration of time of the group is short, and the relationships involve few emotional ties.
419893030	Gemeinschaft	Referring to those small communities characterized by tradition and united by the belief in common ancestry or by geographic proximity in relationships largely of the primary group sort.
419893031	Gesellschaft	Refers to contractual relationships of a voluntary mature of limited duration and quality, based on rational self-interest, and formed for the explicit purpose of achieving a particular goal.
419893032	Dyad	Two people in which either members departure destroys the group.
419893033	Triad	of three, the addition of a third person sometimes serving as a mediator or nonpartisan party.
419893034	Interaction process analysis	A technique of observing and immediately classifying in predetermined ways the ongoing activity in a small group.
419893035	Sociometry	Technique focused on establishing the direction of the interaction in small groups.
419893036	Reference Groups	social groups that provide the standards in terms of which we evaluate ourselves.
419893037	Group conformity	Referes to individuals compliance with group goals, in spite of the fact that group goals may be in conflict with individual goals.
419893038	Groupthink	A related phenomenon, occurs when group members begin to think similarly and conform to one another views.
419893039	Authoritarian leader	Leader that gives orders.
419893040	Democratic leader	Leader who seeks a consensus on the course of action to be taken.
419893041	Laissez-faire	Leader who mainly let the group be-doing little if anything to provide direction or organization.
419893042	Organization	Represents a specific type of social relationship or arrangement between persons that is either closed to outsiders or that limits their admission.
419893043	Formal organization	Represents a type of group or structural pattern within which behavior is carried out in a society.
419893044	Stigma	The mark of social disgrace that sets the deviant apart from other members of society who regard themselves as normal.
419894705	Social stratification	Represents the structured inequality characterized by groups of people with differential access to the rewards of society because of their relative position in the social hierarchy.
419894706	Social hierarchy	Ranked statuses in which people function.
419894707	Social mobility	Refers to the ability of a given individual or group to move through a social strata.
419894708	Ethnicity	Refers to a population known and identified on the basis of their common language, national heritage, and/or biological inheritance.