Biology Flashcards Flashcards
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| 168534208 | What do the Sertoli cells do? | They nurish the sperm present in the seminiferous tubules. | |
| 168534209 | What do the interstitial cells (cells of Leydig) do? | The secrete male sex hormones (testosterone and other androgens) | |
| 168534210 | Where are sperm produced? | In the seminiferous tubules. | |
| 168534211 | What happens in the epididymis? | The sperm acquire motility and are STORED until ejaculation. | |
| 168534212 | What is the pathway of the sperm? |  | |
| 168534213 | What three things produce seminal fluid? | 1. Seminal vesicles > sugar rich fluid for energy 2. Prostate gland > alkaline milky fluid to protect sperm from acidic vajay. 3. Bulbourethral gland > Small amount of viscous fluid prior to ejaculation (Precum?) | |
| 168534214 | What is the progression of spermatogenesis? |  | |
| 168534215 | How long does it take a sperm to mature? | 65-75 days! | |
| 168534216 | What is an acrosome? | Cap on the head of the sperm that contains enzymes needed to penetrate through the outer portion of the ovum. |  |
| 168534217 | What produces estrogen as well as protects the ovum? | Follicles in the ovaries. | |
| 168534218 | Pathway of the ovum... | Ovaries > ABDOMINAL CAVITY > fallopian tubes > Uterus > Cervix* > Vagina *Progresses if no fertilization (menses) | |
| 168534219 | What is the progression of oogenesis? |  | |
| 168534220 | What barriers need to be penetrated by the sperm before fertilization can occur? | 1. Corona radiata (gotta get drunk first) 2. Zona pellucida (then get in the zone) | |
| 168534221 | After the barriers are penetrated by the sperm, what happens? | 1. Sperm fuses with the ovum membrane (acrosomal process) 2. Sperm nucleus enters the ovum cytoplasm and meiosis II occurs. 3. A cortical reaction occurs and Ca²⁺ is released. 4. Fertillization membrane is formed (prevents multiple fertilizations) 5. Sperm nucleus fuses with ovum nucleus to give DIPLOID zygote. | |
| 168534222 | How do you get identical twins? | These are monozygotic twins in that they come from one zygote that has split. Monozygotic twins are the same sex, blood type, | |
| 168534223 | How do you get fraternal twins? | Two ovum were released in one ovarian cycle and are fertilized by two different sperm. | |
| 168601627 | What does cleavage do to the nuclear-to-cytoplasmic material ratio? | It increases it. | |
| 168601628 | What does cleavage do to the surface-to-volume ratio? | It increases it. | |
| 168601629 | What is the difference between determinate and indeterminate cleavage? | Determinate = results in cells whose future differentiation is determined by the cleavage (ie mesoderm vs endoderm) Indeterminate = not the above. Cells maintain ability to develop into a complete organism. | |
| 168601630 | What is the progression of the fertilized egg? |  | |
| 168601631 | What is the blastophore's fate in deuterostomes vs protostomes? |  | |
| 168601632 | What are the primary germ layers and what are they responsible for? | 1. Ectoderm = integument (epidermis, hair, nails), lens of the eye, and NERVOUS SYSTEM! 2. Endoderm = Epithelial linings of digestive and respiratory tracts, and parts of internal organs. 3. Mesoderm = Musculoskeletal, circulatory, excretory systems, as well as gonads, connective tissue and parts of digestive and respiratory organs. | |
| 168601633 | What is induction with respect to cellular development? | Groups of cells can induce others to differentiate into another group of cells. | |
| 168601634 | Know anything about neurulation? |  | |
| 168610699 | Umbilical veins carry....blood, where uterine veins carry....blood. | Oxygenated blood and deoxygenated blood respectively. | |
| 168610700 | What two main structures are responsible for fetal respiration? | The placenta and the umbilical cord. | |
| 168610701 | Where is fetal blood oxygenated? | The placenta. | |
| 168610702 | What causes the foramen ovale to close? | Increased pressure in the left atrium and decreased pressure in the right atrium. | |
| 168854741 | Can you describe fetal circulation? |  | |
| 170468692 | The alimentary canal... | This is another name for the digestive tract. | |
| 170468693 | Mechanical vs chemical digestion | Mechanical just increases the surface area but no chemical change. Chemical converts big molecules into smaller ones. | |
| 170468694 | Stomach stuff |  | |
| 170468695 | Where is the major d-d-digestion in the small intestine? | the d-d-duodenum | |
| 170691419 | Secretin | Stimulates the secretion of pancreatic juices | |
| 170691420 | Trypsin | Converts chymotrypsinogen into chymotrypsin and cleaves certain peptide bonds | |
| 170691421 | Chymotrypsin | Cleaves peptide bonds. | |
| 170691422 | Carboxypeptidase and aminopeptidase | Breakdown polypeptides into amino acids | |
| 170691423 | Cholecystokinin (CCK) | Stimulates the release of bile. | |
| 170691424 | Enterogastrone | Inhibits stomach peristalsis when chyme is too fatty. | |
| 170746342 | At high altitudes, how does the body compensate for the decreased oxygen in the air? | Body can: -Hyperventilate -Increase the number of blood cells (polycythemia) -Greater vascularization in the peripheral tissues. -DECREASE the affinity of oxygen and Hgb to favor unloading to the tissues. | |
| 170746343 | What is a portal system and what examples do we have in the body? | It is where there are two capillary beds that the blood passes through before returning to the heart. Liver: Hepatic portal circulation Kidney: Glomerulus and Peritubular Capillaries Brain: Hypophyseal portal circulation | |
| 170746344 | What is the potential issue with Rh factor and pregnancy? | An Rh - mother may have an Rh + baby and develop atibodies. If she has ANOTHER Rh + baby, those antibodies she developed from the first baby will attack the second babies red blood cells giving the baby Erythroblastosis fetalis. | |
| 170746345 | Oxygen Dissociation Curve |  | |
| 171694812 | Where does the umbilical artery come from and where does it end up? | It comes from the artery descending down from the aorta and terminates at the placenta. | |
| 177727123 | what does the pineal gland do? | It produces melatonin... for CIRCADIAN rhythms | |
| 177727124 | what does the thymus gland do in childhood? | Produces thymosin for t lymphocytes | |
| 177727125 | What do phosphodiesterases do? | They inhibit the cascade initialized by cAMP | |
| 177727126 | What is the difference between steroid hormones and peptide hormones? | Peptide hormones usually use surface receptors where as steroid hormones use intracellular hormones. Steroids can act directly on DNA. | |
| 177727127 | Ovarian Cycle |  | |
| 178013263 | What is the difference between glial cells and Schwann cells? | Glial cells produce myelin in the CNS while Schwann cells produce myelin in the PNS. | |
| 178013264 | Neuron |  | |
| 178013265 | Nervous system breakdown |  | |
| 178013266 | What is the difference between rods and cones? | Cones are for high-intensity illumination and are sensitive to color. Rods are for low-intensity illumination for night vision. | |
| 178013267 | What pigment do rods have? | rhodopsin | |
| 178013268 | What is the organ of Corti? | The structure that contains the hair cells for the ear. | |
| 178013269 | From the olfactory hairs, where does the sense of smell get transmitted? | From teh olfactory nerves to the olfactory bulb at the base of the brain. | |
| 178584140 | Allele | One of two or more alternative forms of a gene that arise by mutation and are found at the same place on a chromosome | |
| 178584141 | How is a test-cross performed? |  | |
| 178584142 | When do you have incomplete dominance? | If the phenotype of a HETEROzygote is an INTERMEDIATE of the phenotypes of the homozygous dominant and recessive. (ie RED and WHITE making PINK) | |
| 178584143 | What is codominance? | When two different allele's express dominance for the same trait (ie ABO blood goups. When | |
| 178584144 | Penetrance vs Expressivity | Penetrance is whether or not a gene is expressed phenotypically where as Expressivity is the DEGREE to which a phenotype is expressed (YOU KNOW, I DONT; HOW MUCH A LOT OR A LITTLE) | |
| 178584145 | Dominant genes that are lethal are late-acting where as recessive genes that are lethal are early acting. T/F? | True | |
| 178622586 | Purines and Pyrimidines |  | |
| 178622587 | How many hydrogen bonds are between C and G vs A and T? | 3 between C and G, and 2 between A and T | |
| 178622588 | What is on the 5' and 3' ends of a nucleotide? |  | |
| 178622589 | DNA helicase | Unwinds the DNA | |
| 178622590 | DNA gyrase | A topoisomerase that introduces negative supercoils that help to unwind the DNA. | |
| 178622591 | RNA primase | Sets down an RNA primer to begin DNA replication. | |
| 178622592 | Single strand binding proteins | Bind to each strand of DNA to stabilize them for replication. | |
| 178622593 | DNA polymerase | Replicates DNA in the 5' to 3' direction. | |
| 178622594 | DNA ligase | Links the okazaki fragments together. | |
| 178622595 | hnRNA | Heterogeneous Nuclear RNA which is a large ribonucleoprotein complex that is the precursor of mRNA | |
| 178622596 | Promoter region | Where RNA polyermase binds to begin transCRIPTION. | |
| 178622597 | Introns stay and exons leave. T/F? | False! Introns are the parts that are non-coding. | |
| 178622598 | What makes the genetic code redundant or degenerate? | The fact that there are multiple codons for a single amino acid. | |
| 178622599 | What is the anticodon for UAC? | GUA | |
| 178622600 | What is a polyribosome? | When multiple ribosomes attach to a mRNA strand and translate the sequence. | |
| 178622601 | Mutations are always inherited. T/F? | False, a mutation is only inherited if it is present in the germ cell line (sex cells). If it is in a somatic cell, then no it is not inherited though it may cause tumors. | |
| 179220535 | What is the difference between monocistronic and polycistronic? | Mono codes for one protein where as poly codes for many. | |
| 179220536 | Describe the lac operon. |  | |
| 179220537 | Describe the trp operon |  | |
| 179244458 | What is the difference between a homologous and an analogous structure? | Homologous structures are one that come from a common ancestor (ie skull of human and skull of ape). Analogous structures serve similar functions but do not have a common ancestor. | |
| 179244459 | Conditions for Hardy-Weinberg | 1. Large population 2. No mutations 3. Random mating 4. No net migration in or out 5. All genes are equally sucessful | |
| 179244460 | Why doesnt Hardy-Weinberg work in real world situations? | 1. Natural Selection 2. Mutations 3. Assortive mating (not radom) 4. Genetic drift (founder effect) 5. Gene flow (migration) | |
| 179244461 | Stabilizing vs directional vs disruptive selection. | Stabilizing favors the norm. Directional is from adaptive change over time Disruptive favors the two extreme phenotypes giving you polymorphism. | |
| 179244462 | What is the kin selection theory? | That natural selection can create behavior that does not necessarily help the individual but near KIN to improve the chances of the individuals own alleles to be passed on. | |
| 179244463 | Inclusive fitness | Number of an individual's allele's that are inherited by the next generation. | |
| 179244464 | What is the difference between pre and postzygotic isolating mechanisms? | Pre happens before fertilization. This includes temporal isolation, ecological isolation, behavioral isolation, reproductive isolation, and gametic isolation (can have intercourse but fertilization does not occur). Post is with hybrid inviability, sterility, and breakdown (first generation ok but second generation are inviable or infertile). | |
| 179244465 | What are some patterns of evolution? |  | |
| 179251243 | Protobionts | Precursors of prokaryotic life on earth. Formed from electric charge run through organic molecules. |