AP BIO Chapter 16 Flashcards

108268376	Nucleic Acids are unique because	ability to direct their own replication from monomers.
108268377	DNA Controls	biochemical, anatomical, physiological, and behavioral traits
108268378	scientists use DNA to	change the heritable characteristics of a cell in laboratories
108268379	Two chemical components of chromosomes	DNA & Proteins, proteins were stronger supported until 1940
108268380	DNA in heredity was first worked out by	studying bacteria and the viruses that infect them.
108268381	People thought protein were basis due to	identified them as a class of macromolecules with great specificity of function. Nucleic acids weren't know: seemed far to uniform to account for inherited traits chemical and physical
108281612	We can trace the genetic role of DNA to	1928, fredrick griffith, studied bacterium that caused pneumonia in animals
108281613	Griffith had..	two strains of bacterium, a pathogenic and a nonpathogenic strain.
108281614	Bacteria S	Smooth strain, pathogenic, because have a capsule that protects them from an animals defense system
108281615	Bacteria R	Rought, strain lacked a capsule, and nonpathegonic.
108302192	Results	S Cells: Died R Cells: Lived Heat killed S cells: Lived Mixture of heat-killed S sells and living R Cells: Died
108302193	Griffiths conclusion:	living R bacteria had been transformed into pathogenic S by an unknown heritable substance from dead S cells
108302194	Transformation	a change in genotype and phenotype due to the assimilation of external DNA by the cell.
108302195	Descendants of the transformed bacteria	were all pathogenic.
108302196	Oswald Avery	purified various types of molecules from the heat-killed pathogenic bacteria, then tried to transform live nonpathogenic bacteria with each type. DNA was transforming agent.
108361188	Virus	Much simpler then cell, is just DNA enclosed in protective coat.To reproduce it must take over a cell.
108361189	Viruses that attack bacteria	phages/bacteriophages
108373773	Alfred Hershey and Martha Chase	experiments showed that DNA is the genetic material of a phage known as T2.
108373774	During the time of this experiment:	1) T2 was mostly DNA and protein 2) t2 phage could turn an ecoli cell in to a t2 producing factory
108373775	Experiment Setup	Used radioactive phosphorus and Sulfer, mixed the elements with bacteria. Then they Put it in to a blender to separate phages outside the bacteria. Centrifuged the mixture. Then measured.
108373776	Concluded that	DNA of the virus was injected into the host during infection, leaving the protein outside. the DNA produces more viruses.
113695154	Chargaff	ATGC equal ammounts
113695155	Thymine and Cytosine	one circle
113755593	at/gc percents	AT = 30% GC = 19%
113886218	When a cell copies a DNA molecule	each strand servers as a template for ordering nucleotides in to new, completmentary strands.
113886219	DNA Replication basic	parent DNA has two complementary strands of DNA.First step of replication is breaking parent strand apart. Now each parent strand serves as a template that determines nulceotieds along a new complementary strand. Nucleotides are connected. Each consits of one parental and one new strand
113886220	Semiconserivtive Model	when a double helix replicates, each of the two daugher molecules will have one old strand and one newly made strand.
113886221	Conservative Model of Replication	parent molecules reform after the process.
113886222	Dispersive Model	all four strands of DNA have a mixture of old and new DNA.
113939960	Melson & Stahl	DNA follows semiconserivtive model.
113989900	Orgins of Replication	Where Replication of DNA begins.
113989901	Replication Fork	a y-shaped region where the new strands of DNA are elongating. at the end of replication buble.
114036178	DNA Polymerases	Catalyze elongation of NEW DNA at replication form. Adds the nucleotides.
114066293	The two strands of DNA in a double helix	are antiparralel
114066294	New DNA strand can only	elongate in a 5->3 direction because DNA polymerases only add to the 3 end.
114066295	Leading Strand	Made by DNA pol 3 adding nucleotides.
114066296	Lagging strand	goes away from replication fork 3-> 5 diretion.
114066297	Lagging strand	synthesized in a series of fragments. Once a replication buble opensfar enough, DNA pol 3 ataches to lagging strands template and moves away from replication fork.
114066298	DNA Ligase (lagging strand)	Joins the oazaki fragments.
114143898	DNA polymerase can't	inititate the synthessis of a polynucleotie.
114143900	Primer	the initial nucleotide chain.
114143903	Primase	starts RNA chain from scratch. Joins RNA nucleoties together one at a time.
114143906	Okazaki fragments lagging strand	each must be primed seperately.
114143909	Lagging strand synthesis	Primase joins RNA nucleotides in a primer. DNA POL 3 adds DNA NUCLEOTIDES TO THE PRIMER, forms okazaki fragment. Dna pol 3 adds dna nucleotides until it reaches the first primer. DNA pol 1 replaces the rna with dna. DNA ligase forms a bond between them.
114446304	Telomers	Eukaryotic have them at the end.
114446305	Telomers dont have	genes, instead the DNA consists of multiple repetitions of one short nucleotide sequence.
114446306	Telomers dont	prevent the shortneing of DNA molecules, they just postpone the erosion of genes near the end of DNA molecules.