AP European History: Reformations Flashcards
Jasper High School | 2012
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| 463435341 | predestination | idea that God has already decided who will/won't go to Heaven; Calvinist belief | |
| 463435342 | Egalitarian | movement based on the ideal that people in all aspects (especially gender) were equal in the eyes of God | |
| 463435343 | Priesthood of Believers | Protestant doctrine that says that Christians all have equal potential to minister for God, and they all have the responsibility to do so; goes against the heirarchy within the Church; idea espoused by Luther and his followers; believers can do well without attachment to the Church | |
| 463435344 | transubstantiation | Roman Catholic doctrine that says that during the Eucharist (communion), the wine/bread actually changes into Jesus's blood/body; rejected by Luther; Zwingli thinks that it's purely symbolic, disagreed with Luther | |
| 463435345 | laity | Christians who weren't part of the clergy; started to question the church because of corruption and gaining new knowledge | |
| 463435346 | justification by faith | idea that the only way to be saved was to believe in God and Jesus; one of Martin Luther's ideals, which he didn't feel that the Catholic Church was upholding | |
| 463435347 | purgatory | place Catholic goes after death to pay for sins before going to Heaven; indulgences were bought to lessen the time spent there (Luther disliked) | |
| 463435348 | indulgences | payment for sins in lieu of working them off in purgatory; sold by Church (especially Tetzel) to pay for St. Peter's Basillica in Rome; disliked by Luther because not mentioned in Scripture (also disliked buying salvation - justification by faith alone); originally for Crusaders who had fallen in battle | |
| 463435349 | 95 Theses | 95 problems that Luther had with the Catholic Church; included indulgences; evidence of Luther's past education in law; embraced by humanists and other proponents of reform, making him famous | |
| 463435350 | excommunication | to be separated from the Church; Luther got excommunicated by the Church as a result of his beliefs and his unwillingness to recant (threatened by Papal Bull in 1920) | |
| 463435351 | Index of Prohibited Books | books that were banned by the Catholic Church because they thought that they would lead followers astray; part of the Counter Reformation; against humanism | |
| 463435352 | Elect | chosen as an object of divine grace; people already chosen by God to go to Heaven; Calvinist belief | |
| 463435353 | Anabaptists | Switzerland | radical reformers who wanted more visible moral transformation in Christianity; separated from society for form "perfect community"; wanted solely adult baptism; take of city of Munster as radicals (crushed by other Christian armies) | |
| 463435354 | Anglican Church | England | church created by the Act of Succession by Henry VIII | |
| 463435355 | Anne Boleyn | England (c.1501) | Catherine of Aragon's lady-in-waiting; Henry VIII likes her, tries to get his marriage with Catherine annulled (fails); leads ot the Reformation Parliament, king becomes head of the Church; second wife of Henry VIII (eventually beheaded) | |
| 463435356 | Catherine of Aragon | England (1485) | daughter of Ferdinand and Isabella; first wife of Henry VIII; many failed pregnancies; divorced from Henry VIII; daughter was Mary | |
| 463435357 | Charles I / Charles VI | Spain/Holy Roman Empire (1500) | ruler of Spain and the Holy Roman Emperor, also rules a lot of territory in the Western hemisphere; wars/gets distracted by French and Ottomans; against the Reformation with Augsberg Interim; eventually settles for Peace of Augsberg, surrendering quest for European religious unity | |
| 463435358 | English Calvinists | England | founded by John Calvin; believed in predestination and re-ordering society morally; worked in Geneva (at first were exiled), transforming it | |
| 463435359 | Frederick the Wise | Saxony (1463) | elector of Saxony who supported Luther and gave him shelter | |
| 463435360 | Henry VIII | England (1491) | King of England who defended Catholocism (Defender of the Faith) against Luther; becomes supreme head of church; has 6 wives; only after his death does the Reformation really work in England | |
| 463435361 | Huguenots | France | French Calvinists; later fled France because of series of religious persecutions | |
| 463435362 | Ignatius Loyola | Spain (1491) | organizer of Jesuits/Society of Jesus; served church as a soldier of Christ; had "spiritual exercises": spiritual self-mastery over one's feelings and behavior; emphasized perfect discipline and self-control with the Church | |
| 463435363 | Jan Huss | Czechoslovakia (1369) | first church reformer; like Wycliffe, wanted to clean up church and translate the Bible into the vernacular; "heretic" | |
| 463435364 | Jesuits | Rome/Papal States | instrumental to Counter-Reformation's success; organized by Loyola; thought Protestants were disobedient to the Church | |
| 463435365 | Johann Tetzel | Germany (1465) | sold indulgences to help pay for St. Peter's Basilica; Luther did not like him | |
| 463435366 | John Wycliffe | England (1328) | like Huss, was dissident of the Catholic Church and wanted to translate Bibles into English/the vernacular | |
| 463435367 | Martin Luther | Germany (1483) | vanguard of the Protestant Reformation; believed in Scripture as sold authority; justification by faith; vernacular language; also wanted universal compulsory education; wrote 95 Theses | |
| 463435368 | Max Weber | Germany (1864) | sociologist, author of //The Protestant Ethic and the Spirit of Capitalism//; thought there was a relationship between Calvinism and the development of capitalist societies | |
| 463435369 | Prebyterians | Scotland | originated from Calvin's teachings, especially because of Geneva | |
| 463435370 | Schmalkaldic League | Holy Roman Empire | Lutheran defense alliance formed as a result of the Diet of Augsberg's order; German princes who supported Luther; achieved stalemate with the HRE | |
| 463435371 | Ulrich Zwingli | Zurich, Switzerland (1484) | leader of Swiss Reformation, influenced by northern humanist Erasmus; disliked indulgences and campaigned against clerical celibacy; believed in authority of the Bible; disagreed with Luther over the Eucharist; executed in the 2nd civil war | |
| 463435372 | Act of Succession | 1534 | requested by Henry VIII; made Catherine of Aragon and Anne Boleyn's children legitimate heirs to the throne; if Edward dies Mary = heir, then Elizabeth if something happens to Mary; continued Tudor family line | |
| 463435373 | Act of Supremacy | 1534 | declared Henry VIII "the only supreme head in earth of the Church of England"; monarchs are head of church | |
| 463435374 | Council of Trent | 1545-1563 | council to reassert church doctrine; met in Trent in N. Italy; reforms about internal church discipline (curtail simony); did not give concessions to Protestantism; revived parish life | |
| 463435375 | Diet of Worms | 1521 | presided over by Charles I / V; Luther presents views in front of it, they ask him to recant, he refuses (against his beliefs), he becomes an outlaw | |
| 463435376 | German Peasants' Revolt | 1524-1525 | peasants thought the reformation = social revolution; Luther was sympathetic but condemned revolution because it was un-Christian, told princes to crush it; thousands of peasant deaths | |
| 463435377 | Papal Bull | 1520 | Exsurge Domine; issued by Pope to Luther, censuring some of his 95 Theses and threatening him with excommunication unless he recanted (he didn't) | |
| 463435378 | Peace of Augsburg | 1555 | makes division of Christendom permanent; says ruler of land determines its religion (discontent? relocate to another region); recognized Lutheranism, but didn't officially recognize anabaptists/Calvinists |