Chapter 26 Phylogeny and the Tree of Life Flashcards

408877289	Phylogeny	The evolutionary history of a species or group of related species.
408877290	Systematics	A scientific discipline focused on classifying organisms and determining their evolutionary relationships.
408877291	Taxonomy	The ordered division and naming of organisms.
408877292	Hierarchical Classification	the organization of objects into classes and subclasses on the basis of similarities and differences
408877293	Binomial	The two-part, latinized format for naming a species. First part is the genus, second part is the species. First letter is capitalized and whole thing is italicized.
408877294	Linnaean System	A classification system useful for storing and finding information about living things. Kingdom, Phylum, Class, Order, Family, Genus, Species
408877295	Phylogenetic Tree	A branching diagram that represents a hypothesis about the evolutionary history of a group of organisms.
408877296	PhyloCode	Proposed system of classification of organisms based on evolutionary relationship: Only groups that include a common ancestor and all of its descendants are named.
408877297	Branch point	each branch point on a Phylogenetic Tree represents the divergence of 2 species.
408877298	Sister Taxa	animals that closely resemble each other, have a lot in common, share an immediate common ancestor.
408877299	Rooted Phylogenetic Tree	includes a branch to represent the last common ancestor of all taxa in the tree.
408877300	Basal Taxon	In a specified group of organisms, a taxon whose evolutionary lineage diverged early in the history of the group.
408877301	Polytomy	In a phylogenetic tree, a branch point from which more than two descendant taxa emerge. A polytomy indicates that the evolutionary relationships between the descendant taxa are not yet clear.
408877302	Limitations of Phylogenetic Trees	1. show patterns of decent not phenotypic similarities 2. Phylogenetic Trees don't indicate when a species evolved. no dates. 3. It shouldn't be assumed that a taxon evolved from the taxon next to it.
408877303	Homology	Phenotypic and genetic similarities due to shared ancestry.Smilarity due to shared ancestry. Ex. Mouse and Rat.
408877304	Analogy	Similarity between two species that is due to convergent evolution. Similarities due to adaptation/evolution.
408877305	Homoplasy	Analogous structures or molecular sequences that evolved independently.
408877306	Molecular Systematics	Uses DNA and other molecular data to determine evolutionary relationships.
408877307	Cladistics	An approach to systematics in which organisms are placed into groups called clades based primarily on common descent.
408877308	Bacteria	One of two prokaryotic domains, the other being Archaea
408877309	Cladistics	Branch of science that groups organisms by common descent
408877310	Clade	A group of species that includes an ancestral species and all of its descendants.
408877311	Monophyletic	A clade that consists of the ancestor species and all its descendants. When A,B,C all share the same ancestor.
408877312	Polyphyletic	When a clade has a different ancestor. A,B, C all hare the same ancestor but D has a different ancestor.
408877313	Shared ancestral Character	a character that originated in an ancestor of the taxon
408877314	Shared derived character	is an evolutionary novelty unique to a particular clade.
408877315	Outgroup	A group that has diverged before the in-group. Its members are closely related to the group of species being studied, but not as closely related as any study-group members are to each other.
408877316	Ingroup	A species or group of species whose evolutionary relationships we seed to determine