AP Bio: Chapter 6 A Tour of The Cell Flashcards
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| 461498995 | Light Microscopes | An optical instrument with lenses that refract visible light to magnify images of specimens | |
| 461498996 | Organelles | One of several formed bodies with specialized functions, suspended in the cytoplasm of eukaryotic cells | |
| 461498997 | Electron Microscope | A microscope that focuses an electron beam through a specimen, resulting in resolving power a thousandfold greater than that of a light microscope. A transmission electron microscope is | |
| 461498998 | Scanning Electron Microscope | Used to study the fine details of cell surfaces. | |
| 461498999 | Transmission Electron Microscope | Used to study the internal structure of thin sections of cells | |
| 461499000 | Cell Fractionation | The disruption of a cell and separation of its organelles by centrifugation | |
| 461499001 | Ultracentrifuges | An intense centrifuge that can spin at up to 1,000,000 g's | |
| 461499002 | Cytosol | The semifluid portion of the cytoplasm | |
| 461499003 | Prokaryotic Cell | A type of cell lackinng a membrane-enclosed nucleus and membrane-enclosed organelles. Organisms with prokaryotic cells are called prokaryotes | |
| 461499004 | Nucleoid | A dense region of DNA in a prokaryotic cell | |
| 461499005 | Eukaryotic Cell | A type of cell with a membrane-enclosed nucleus and membrane-enclosed organelles. Organisms with eukaryotic cells are called eukaryotes. | |
| 461499006 | Cytoplasm | The entire contents of the cell, exclusive of the nucleus, and bounded by the plasma membrane | |
| 461499007 | Plasma Membrane | The membrane at the boundary of every cell that acts as a selective barrier, thereby regulating the cell's chemical composition | |
| 461499008 | Nucleus | The chromosome containing organelle of a eukaryotic cell | |
| 461499009 | Nuclear Envelope | The membrane in eukaryotes that encloses the nucleus, separating it from the cytoplasm | |
| 461499010 | Nuclear Lamina | A netlike array of protein filaments that maintains the shape of the nucleus | |
| 461499011 | Chromosomes | A threadlike, gene-carrying stucture found in the nucleus. Each chromosome consists of one very long DNA molecule and associated proteins | |
| 461499012 | Chromatin | The complex of DNA and proteins that makes up a eukaryotic chromosome. When the cell is not dividing, chromatin exists as a mass of very long, thin fibers that are not visible with a light microscope | |
| 461499013 | Nucleolus | A specialized structure in the nucleus, formed from various chromosomes and active in the synthesis of ribosomes | |
| 461499014 | Riosomes | A cell organelle constructed in the nucleolus and functioning at the site of protein synthesis in the cytoplasm; consists of rRNA and protein molecules, which make up two subunits | |
| 461499015 | Endomembrane System | The collection of membranes inside and around a eukaryotic cell, related either through direct physical contact or by the transfer of membranous vesicles | |
| 461499016 | Vesicles | A sac made of membrane inside of cells | |
| 461499017 | Endoplasmic Reticulum | An extensive membranous network in eukaryotic cells, continuous with the outer nuclear membrane and composed of ribosome-studded and ribosome-free regions | |
| 461499018 | Smooth ER | That portion of the endoplasmic reticulum that is free of ribosomes | |
| 461499019 | Rough ER | That portion of the endoplasmic reticulum studded with ribosomes | |
| 461499020 | Glycoproteins | A protein covalently attached to a carbohydrate | |
| 461499021 | Transport Vesicles | A tiny membranous sac in a cell's cytoplasm carrying molecules produced by the cell | |
| 461499022 | Golgi Apparatus | An organelle in eukaryotic cells consisting of stacks of flat membranous sacs that modify, store, and route products of the endoplasmic reticulum | |
| 461499023 | Phagocytosis | A type of endocytosis involving large, particulate substances, accomplished mainly by macrophages, neutrophils, and dendritic cells | |
| 461499024 | Lysosomes | A membrane-enclosed sac of hydrolytic enzymes found in the cytoplasm of eukaryotic cells | |
| 461499025 | Food Vacuoles | A membranous sac formed by phagocytosis | |
| 461499026 | Contractile Vacuoles | Amembranous sac that helps move excess water out of certain cells | |
| 461499027 | Central Vacuole | A membranous sac in a mature plant cell with deverse roles in reproduction, growth, and development | |
| 461499028 | Tonoplast | A membrane that encloses the central vacuole in a plant cell, separating the cytosol from the vacuolar contents, called cell sap; also known as the vacuolar membrane | |
| 461499029 | Mitochondria | An organelle in eukaryotic cells that serves as the site of cellular respiration | |
| 461499030 | Chloroplasts | An organelle found only in plants and photosynthetic protists that absorbs sunlight and uses it to drive the synthesis of organic compounds from carbon dioxide and water | |
| 461499031 | Peroxisome | A microbody containing enzymes that transfer hydrogen from various substrates to oxygen, producing that then degrading hydrogen peroxide | |
| 461499032 | Cristae | An infolding of the inner membrane of a mitochondrion that houses the electron transport chain and the enzyme catalyzing the synthesis of ATP | |
| 461499033 | Mitochondrial Matrix | The compartment of the mitochondrion enclosed by the inner membrane and containing enzymes and substrates for the krebs cycle | |
| 461499034 | Plastids | One of a family of closely related plant organelles that includes chloroplasts, chromoplasts, and amyloplasts | |
| 461499035 | Thylakoids | A flattened membrane sac inside the chloroplast, used to convert light energy to chemical energy | |
| 461499036 | Granum | A stacked portion of the thylakoid membrane in the chloroplast. Grana function in the light reactions of photosynthesis | |
| 461499037 | Stroma | The fluid of the chloroplast surrounding the thylakoid membrane; involved in the synthesis of organic molecules from carbon dioxide and water | |
| 461499038 | Cytoskeleton | A network of microtubules, microfilaments, and intermediate filaments that branch throughout the cytoplasm and serve a variety of mechanical and transport functions | |
| 461499039 | Microtubules | A hollow rod of tubulin protein in the cytoplasm of all eukaryotic cells and in cilia, flagella, and the cytoskeleton | |
| 461499040 | Microfilaments | A solid rod of actin protein in the cytoplasm of almost all eukaryotic cells, making up part of the cytoskeleton and acting alone or with myosin to cause cell contraction | |
| 461499041 | Intermediate Filaments | A component of the cytoskeleton that includes all filaments intermediate in size between microtubules and microfilaments | |
| 461499042 | Centrosome | Material present in the cytoplasm of all eukaryotic cells, important during cell division; the microtubule organizing center | |
| 461499043 | Centrioles | A structure in an animal cell composed of cylinders of microtubule triplets arranged in a 9+0 pattern. An animal cell usually has a pair of centrioles involved in cell division | |
| 461499044 | Flagella | A long cellular appendage specialized for locomotion. The flagella of prokaryotes and eukaryoted differ in both structure and function | |
| 461499045 | Cilia | A short cellular appendage specialized for locomotion, formed from a core of nine outer doublet microtubules and two inner single microtubules ensheathed in an extension of plasma membrane | |
| 461499046 | Basal Body | A eukaryotic cell organelle consisting of a 9+0 arrangement of microtubule triplets; may organize the microtubule assembly of a cilium of flagellum; structurally identical to a centriole | |
| 461499047 | Dynein | A large contractile protein forming the side-arms of microtubule doublets in cilia and flagella | |
| 461499048 | Actin | A globular protein that links into chains, two of which twist helically about each other, forming microfilaments in muscle and other contractile elements in cells | |
| 461499049 | Pseudopodia | A cellular extension of amoeboid cells used in moving and feeding | |
| 461499050 | Cytoplasmic Streaming | A circular flow of cytoplasm, involving myosin and actin felaments, that speeds the distribution of materials within cells | |
| 461499051 | Primary Cell Wall | A relatively thin and flexible layer first secreted by a young plant cell | |
| 461499052 | Middle Lamella | A thin layer of adhesive extracellular material, primarily pectins, found between the primary walls of adjacent yound plant cells | |
| 461499053 | Secondary Cell Wall | A strong and durable matrix often deposited in several laminated layers for plant cell protection and support | |
| 461499054 | Extracellular Matrix | The substance in which animal tissue cells are embedded, consisting of protein and polysaccharides | |
| 461499055 | Collagen | A glycoprotein in the extracellular matrix of animal cells that forms strong fibers, found extensively in connective tissue and bone; the most abundant protein in the animal kingdom | |
| 461499056 | Proteoglycans | A glycoprotein in the extracellular matrix of animal cells, rich in carbohydrate | |
| 461499057 | Fibronectin | A glycoprotein that helps cells attach to the extracellular matrix | |
| 461499058 | Integrins | A receptor protein built into the plasma membrane that interconnects the extracellular matrix and the cytoskeleton | |
| 461499059 | Plasmodesmata | An open channel in the cell wall of a plant through which strands of cytosol connect from an adjacent cell | |
| 461499060 | Tight Junctions | A type of intercellular junction in animal cells that prevents the leakage of material between cells | |
| 461499061 | Desmosomes | A type of intercellular junction in animal cells that funcitons as an anchor | |
| 461499062 | Gap Junctions | A type of intercellular junction in animal cells that allows the passage of material or current between cells |