Cell Cycle (19) Flashcards
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| 426847906 | some cells are terminally dividing like __________ | neurons | |
| 426847907 | The 5 phases of the cell cycle are | G1 S G2 Mitosis Cytokinesis | |
| 426847908 | What are the three phases that make up interphase? | G1 S G2 | |
| 426847909 | During G1, __________, __________ synthesis, new __________ are developed, and __________ processes occur. At this stage, a cell will decide if it will __________. If yes, the cell moves on. If no, the cell stays in __________. | growth protein synthesis metabolic divide G0 | |
| 426847910 | During S phase, __________ __________ occurs | nuclear division | |
| 426847911 | During cytokinesis, __________ __________ occurs | cytoplasmic division | |
| 426847912 | Watson and Crick determined that DNA replication is __________, and __________&__________ confirmed this. | semiconservative Mendelson and Stahl | |
| 426847913 | Describe the Mendelson and Stahl experiment | See notes | |
| 426847914 | replication is normally (uni/bi)directional. | bidirectional | |
| 426847915 | new strands of DNA are always SYNTHESIZED from __________ to __________ | 5' to 3' | |
| 426847916 | the template DNA strand is READ from __________ to __________ | 3' to 5' | |
| 426847917 | a replication fork is where the DNA is __________, or where __________ bonds are broken between bases | unzipped hydrogen bonds | |
| 426847918 | bidirectional replication image | see notes | |
| 426847919 | in prokaryotes and with any circular DNA, the DNA will open in one spot, called an __________ of __________. This is the spot where the DNA first unzips. | origin of replication | |
| 426847920 | in eukaryotes, there are __________ sites within any segment of DNA where __________ __________ can be opened; these segments that result are called __________, and their purpose is to help replication go faster. | multiple sites replication forks replicons | |
| 426847921 | in eukaryotes, the __________ __________ run into eachother, causing the replicons to fuse. Then, __________ seals the replicons together to get one complete molecule. | replication forks ligase | |
| 426847922 | eukaryotes require a series of __________ proteins that are collectively called the __________ __________ __________ | initiator proteins pre-replication complex | |
| 426847923 | the pre-replication compelx leads to __________, or validating the procession into replication | licensing | |
| 426847924 | __________ __________ refers to making sure that your DNA is only replicated once per S phase | replication licensing | |
| 426847925 | How to make a replication fork if initiation proteins are present | see notes | |
| 426847926 | DNA helicases __________ the double helix, whcih leads to the breaking of __________ bonds --> this causes __________ | unwind hydrogen bonds supercoiling | |
| 426847927 | __________ controls supercoiling | topoisomerase | |
| 426847928 | __________ __________ proteins keep separated DNA strands separated | ssDNA binding proteins | |
| 426847929 | How is new DNA synthesized? | see notes | |
| 426847930 | DNA pol can only add nucleotides to __________ chains of nucleotides, so __________ is required to lay down complimentary RNA bases called primers. | existing primase | |
| 426847931 | After primase has added a primer, __________ __________ can bring in DNA nucleotides and begin building a new DNA strand | DNA pol | |
| 426847932 | primers are eventually removed, and DNA nucleotides __________ the primers | replace | |
| 426847933 | DNA pol carries out many functions, including adding __________, __________, removing __________ __________ of new DNA strands, and the removal of __________ to replace them with DNA nucleotides | nucleotides proofreading nucleotides elongation primers | |
| 426847934 | __________ comes in after DNA pol has finished removing and replacing primers - it creates __________ bonds between the segments of one strand of DNA | ligase phosphodiester | |
| 426847935 | DNA pol can __________ and catch mistakes. DNA Pol has __________ activity, meaning it can remove nucleotides from the 3' end | proofread exonuclease | |
| 426847936 | DNA Pol has exonuclease activity, so it can remove nucleotides that were just added, meaning it removes nucleotides from the __________ end of the new strand | 3' | |
| 426847937 | mitosis has 5 stages - list them in order: | prophase prometaphase metaphse anaphase telophase (cytokinesis) | |
| 426847938 | chromosome picture | see notes | |
| 426847939 | a chromosome is made up of two separate __________ __________ | sister chromatids | |
| 426847940 | the area at the center of a chromosome is the __________ | centromere | |
| 426847941 | microtubules come from __________ (aka MTOCs) | cetrosomes | |
| 426847942 | kinetochore microtubles interact with kinetochore __________ located at the centromere during __________phase | proteins prometaphase | |
| 426847943 | if a MT interacts with kinetochore proteins it is called a __________ __________ | kinetochore MT | |
| 426847944 | If a MT at one pole interacts with a MT coming from the other pole (ie via motor proteins), then these MTs are called __________ __________ | polar MT | |
| 426847945 | If a MT interacts with the plasma membrane, it is called an __________ __________ | astral MT | |
| 426847946 | Microtubule diagram | see notes | |
| 426847947 | MT are important to __________ alignment during __________phase | chromosome metaphase | |
| 426847948 | chromosomes are aligned during metaphase largely due to a push and pull by __________; they push chromatids toward a __________, and push chromatids away from the other __________ | MTs pole pole | |
| 426847949 | kinetochore MTs have __________ proteins at both their - and + ends. Their - ends are located at the __________, and + ends are located at the __________ proteins bound to the chromosome. The proteins at the kinetochore (+ end) chew up the plus ends of kinetochore MTs, so that the chromosome is pulled toward the __________ __________ as the kinetochore MTs are shortened through the loss of __________ subunits. The proteins at the __________ (spindle pole, or - end) chew up the - ends of the kinetochore MTs, reeling in the MTs and their attached chomosomes. | motor centrosome kinetochore spindle pole tubulin | |
| 426847950 | Motor proteins __________ the polar MTs and cause them to slide in __________ direction(s), thereby forcing the spindle poles (away from/toward) each other. As the polar MTs slide, they are lengthened by the addition of __________ subunits to their plus ends where they overlap near the spindle center. | crosslink opposite away from tubulin | |
| 426847951 | Astral MT motor proteins link the __________ ends of astral MTs to the cell cortex (basically the cell membrane) and exert a pull on the spindle poles by inducing astral MT depolymerization at their plus ends | + ends | |
| 426847952 | The three key points of control for the regulation of the cell cycle are the __________ --> __________, __________ --> __________, and __________ --> __________ | G1-S (restriction point) G2-M Metaphase-anaphase | |
| 426847953 | A the restriction point (G1-S), a cell will either be ready to enter S phase (depending on __________ factors, __________ available, cell __________, and DNA __________), or if it is not ready will enter a state of nondivision called __________. | growth factors nutrients available cell size DNA damage G0 | |
| 426847954 | At the G2-M checkpoint, the commitment is made to enter into __________. At this checkpoint it is made sure that the DNA has been __________ | mitosis doubled | |
| 426847955 | At the metaphase-anaphase checkpoint, the commitment is made to move the two sets of __________ into the newly forming daughter cells - it is important to have all the chromosomes properly attached to the __________ before progressing from this checkpoint - this makes sure each __________ cell gets a full set of chromosomes | chromosomes spindle (pole) daughter | |
| 426847956 | cyclin-dependent kinases (Cdks) depend on a protein called __________. There are different types of Cdks, including: 1. __________ 2. __________ Cdk 2. __________ Cdk | cyclin mitotic G1 S | |
| 426847957 | mitotic Cdk-cyclin is present at the G2-M transition. when Cdk is combined with cyclin it forms a __________-inducing complex. When this complex is formed, it must be activated, and then it can trigger the entrance of the cell into __________. | mitosis mitosis | |
| 426847958 | Regulation of mitotic cdk-cyclin - see text | see text | |
| 426847959 | Once the mitotic Cdk-cyclin complex is activated, it triggers the entrance of the cell into __________. It stimulates __________ __________ breakdown, __________ condensation, __________ __________ formation, and the degregation of certain proteins. | mitosis nuclear envelope breakdown chromosome mitotic spindle formation | |
| 426847960 | A different cdk-cyclin complex regulates entrance of a cell from G1-S phase - it does this by inhibiting /activating different proteins and enzymes needed for DNA replication. The G1 Cdk-cyclin complex can trigger progression through the checkpoint by phosphorylating several target proteins - a major one of these target proteins is the __________ protewin,hich controls the expression of __________ whose products are needed for moving through the restriction point and into S phase. | Rb genes | |
| 426915888 | spontaneous mutations are when there is no __________ result of anything bad happening | direct | |
| 426915889 | random __________ reactions can cause mutations such as depurination or deamination. Depurination is the removal of a __________ base (A or G). Deamination is the removal or loss of an __________ group from a base. | hydrolysis purine amino | |
| 426915890 | __________ can make a G look like a C, or a T look like an A, causing the wrong complimentary nucleotides to be placed during DNA synthesis. | deamination | |
| 426915891 | radiation can cause __________ __________ formation, which is the formation of __________ bonds between adjacent pyrimidines (usually thymine) instead of HBs | pyrimidine dimer formation covalent | |
| 426915892 | __________ mutagens can result in fake bases, can mess with base structure resulting in things like deamination, or can insert tehmselves between bases, messing up the 3D structure of the DNA | chemical | |
| 426915893 | __________ synthesis is a type of mutation repair involving the synthesis of new DNA across regions where the DNA template is damaged. This is important in recognizing __________ __________. | translesion synthesis pyrimidine dimers | |
| 426915894 | __________ __________ is a type of mutation repair that targets errors made during DNA replication, when improperly paired nucleotides escape normal proofreading. The (old/new) strand is more methylated, so this mechanism can recognize with is the old template and which is the new strand. Then it can fix errors in the new strand. | mismatch repair old | |
| 426915895 | __________ __________ is a type of mutation repair wehre damaged DNA is cut out, DNA Pol fills in the gap, and DNA ligase seals the nick that is leftover. | excision repair | |
| 426915896 | __________ excision repair is when the base on a nucleotide is popped off and replaced. __________ excision repair is when the entire nucleotide is cut out and replaced. | base excision repair nucleotide |