Immigration, Urbanization, and Industrialization Flashcards

523851612	Andrew Carnegie	invested well and became rich in steel industry - started as a "bobbin boy" - donated a lot of $ and built libraries, etc. "captain of industry" 1865 Keystone Bridge Company. wealthiest man in history - worth about 670 trillion dollars today. "The Gospel of Wealth"
523851613	Montgomery Ward	First catalogue sales business - 1872 - shipped via RR - good for farmers - cheaper than buying items in a store - more variety
523851614	Sears, Roebuck, & Co.	"the great wishbook" - another catalogue company
523851615	C.J. Walker	sold hair products by mail and door to door. first AOAD millionaire
523851616	Granville T. Woods	invented the railroad telegraph system - prevented collisions
523851617	Gustavus Swift & Philip Armour	invented refrigerated rail cars - helped with the transport of meat by railroad
523851618	George Pullman	invented sleeping railroad cars (helped for long trips)
523851619	rebates	refunds - part of shipping costs with large shippers - often secret deals - illegal kickbacks/payment made to RR customers
523851620	consolidation	curbing competition - combination of companies to form a big business together
523851621	Cornelieus Vanderbuilt	master of RR consolidation - more efficient and cheap - could charge a lot - no competition
523851622	Collis Huntington & Lyman Huntington	father and son team of great eastern RR developers
523851623	The Great Northern Railroad	Vanderbuilt's RR - NY to Chicago
523851624	The Canadian Shield	forest region of rocks, swamps, and marshes - accessible only by foot or canoe - where most of the iron ore came from for making steel
523851625	Leonidas Merritt	found iron ore in Canadian Shield in Mesabi Range in 1890. Rockefeller financed the operation
523851626	regulate	make rules for (RR & other big companies) in 1866 the Supreme Court ruled that states couldn't regulate the rates of RRs that crossed state lines
523851627	free enterprise	economic system in which businesses are free to compete without government rules
523851628	Interstate Commerce Act	passed by Congress in 1887 which declared that all RR rates must be "reasonable and just" and the Interstate Commerce Commission investigated
523851629	Henry Bessemer	British inventor who created the "Bessemer Process" - a process that reduced the cost of making steel
523851630	J.P. Morgan	most powerful investment banker. took over Carnegie's RR - formed U.S. Steel Corp. - largest in the world
523851631	John D. Rockefeller	from Cleveland. in 1862 made Oil Refinery business. 1870 - Standard Oil Company, by 1880 it was a monopoly
523851632	trust	business combination - a board of trustees (managers) control member corporations. stockholders get dividends (money) from their investment in the company
523851633	monopoly	single business with the power to control the prices in the market
523851634	Sherman Antitrust Act	created in 1890 and said that the combinations of companies were illegal, but it didn't define a trust or monopoly, so it was a hard act to enforce. broke up Standard Oil Trust in the early 1900s
523851635	Triangle Shirtwaist Fire	1911. 146 workers died.
523851636	Mary Harris Jones	"the most dangerous woman in America" - "Mother Jones" - between 1870s and 1920s she traveled and urged workers to join Unions
523851637	Knights of Labor	founded in 1869. Union that accepted women and children. 700,000 members by 1886
523851638	Terrance Powderly	mayor of Scranton, PA, leader of Knights of Labor in 1879. wanted an 8 hour work day and end child labor and have equal pay for all workers. Unions gained strength at this time. He liked arbitration
523851639	Great Railroad Strike	1877 - Baltimore and Ohio RR workers went on strike and then it went nationwide. unsuccessful strike. 100 workers killed
523851640	Haymarket Bombing	May 3, 1886 - Chicago strikers and police clash, May 4 - meeting to protest killings, bomb exploded, police fired on the crowd. 16 killed, 100 wounded. Knights of Labor membership declined after this
523851641	Samuel Gompers	liked strikes. president of AFL, which had many members. wanted collective bargaining, increased wages, fewer hours, better working conditions
523851642	AFL	American Federation of Labor - skilled laborers. No women, AOAD, or immigrants
523851643	Homestead Strike	July 6, 1892. workers in Carnegie's Steel Plant in PA went on strike - people were hired to replace them. guards arrived. fight broke out. Union broke up.
523851644	Henry Clay Frick	major lieutenant of Carnegie, leader of the resistance to the Homestead strike. Believed in the use of force or scab labor to keep factories running
523851645	Pullman Strike	Pullman Palace Car Company. cut wages, didn't lower rent. May 1894 was the strike. There was a federal injunction in July 1894 and federal troops were sent to Chicago. Riots broke out
523851646	ARU	American Railway Union. Supported Pullman Strike. derailed railcars and blocked tracks
523851647	Eugene Debs	founded ARU - sent to jail. leader of the Socialist Party of America (1901)
523857402	Westinghouse	invented RR airbrakes
523857403	Robber Barons	Carnegie, JP Morgan, Rockefeller
523877761	Where was the nation's first oil well?	Pennsylvania
523877762	Injunction	court order to stop an action by a business or individual
523877763	Emperor Meiji	announced a plan in 1867 to make Japan a major industrial nation
523989488	scab	Union member who crosses the picket like to work for the company instead of continuing to strike with the rest of the union members. (Not a popular thing to do)
523989489	Thomas Anshutz	major American painter of the day to day life of the time
523989490	standard gauge	development was a great RR breakthrough
523989491	Brooklyn Bridge	longest steel suspension bridge in the world
523989492	socialism	the belief that government should own a nation's industries
523992988	CIO	Congress/Committee of Industrial Organizations - proposed by John L. Lewis in 1938, was a federation of unions that organized workers in industrial unions.The CIO merged with the AFL to form the AFL-CIO in 1955.