Chapter 10 Photosynthesis Flashcards
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| 522124700 | what is photosyntheis? | the process that converts solar energy into chemical energy | |
| 522124701 | what nourishes almost the entire world? | photosynthesis | |
| 522124702 | what do chloroplasts do? | capture light energy and convert it into chemical energy that is stored in sugar and other molecules | |
| 522124703 | what sustains themselves without eating anything derived from other organisms? | autotrophs | |
| 522124704 | what are the producers of the biospher? | autotrophs | |
| 522124705 | what do autotrophs produce? | organic molecules from CO2 and other inorganic molecules | |
| 522124706 | what are almost all plants? | photoautotrophs | |
| 522124707 | define: photoautotrophs | they use the energy of sunlight to make organic molecules | |
| 522124708 | how does an organism acquire the organic compounds it uses for energy? | by autotrophic nutrition or heterotrophic nutrition | |
| 522124709 | what are the ultimate sources of organic compounds for all nonautotrophic organisms? | autotrophs | |
| 522124710 | what are the only nutrients plants require? (3) | minerals from the soil, carbon dioxide & air | |
| 522124711 | what obtains their organic material from other organisms? | heterotrophs | |
| 522124712 | what are the consumers of the biosphere? | heterotrophs | |
| 522124713 | what do heterotrophs depend on for survival? | photoautotrophs | |
| 522124714 | what are almost always decomposers? | fungi & prokaryotes | |
| 522124715 | what do photoautrophs include (5) | plants, multicellular alga, unicellular protists, cyanobacteria | |
| 522124716 | what did the process of photosynthesis most likely originate in? | a group of bacteria | |
| 522124717 | what are the major locations of photosynthesis? | leaves | |
| 522124718 | what is the green color of plants from? | photosynthesis | |
| 522124719 | where are chloroplasts found? | in cells of the mesophyll | |
| 522124720 | define: mesophyll | the interior tissue of the cell | |
| 522124721 | what maximizes photosynthetic yield? | mesophyll | |
| 522124722 | What did the endosymbiont theory state? | the original chloroplast was a photosynthetic prokaryote that lived inside an ancestor of eukaryotic cells | |
| 522124723 | How does Carbon dioxide exit and oxygen enter a leaf? | through the stomata | |
| 522124724 | where is chlorophyll located? | in the membranes of thylakoids | |
| 522124725 | if thylakoids are stacked in columns what is this called? | grana | |
| 522124726 | what is a dense interior fluid in chloroplasts called? | stroma | |
| 522124727 | what drives the synthesis of organic molecules in the chloroplast? | light energy absorbed by chlorophyll | |
| 522124728 | What is the direct product of photosynthesis? | a 3-carbon sugar that can be used to make glucose | |
| 522124729 | _______________ splits H2O into hydrogen and oxygen? | chloroplasts | |
| 522124730 | what was one of the first clues ot the mechanism of photosynthesis? | the discovery that oxygen given off by plants is derived from water and not carbon dioxide | |
| 522124731 | who challenged the hypothesis that predicted that oxygen released during photosynthesis came from Carbon Dioxide? | C.B. Van Niel | |
| 522124732 | how did scientists confirm C.B. Van Niels hypothesis? | by using oxygen-18 | |
| 522124733 | what reverses the direction of electron flow compared to respiration? | photosynthesis | |
| 522124734 | Photosynthesis is a redox reaction in which? | water is oxidized and Carbon Dioxide is reduced | |
| 522124735 | what kind of process is photosynthesis? what is the energy boost provided by? | endergonic process; light | |
| 522124736 | what 2 things involve redox reactions? | photosynthesis and cellular respiration | |
| 522124737 | what are the sites of the light reactions? | thylakoids | |
| 522124738 | what is the site of the calvin cycle? | the stroma | |
| 522124739 | What 2 parts does photosynthesis consist of? | light reactions & the calvin cycle | |
| 522124740 | What are the 4 processes of the light reactions? | 1. split water 2. release oxygen 3. reduce NADP+ to NADPH 4. Generate ATP from ADP by photophosphorylation | |
| 522124741 | What converts solare energy to chemical energy? | the light reactions | |
| 522124742 | What is NADP+? | an electron carrier in photosynthesis that differs by the presence of a phosphate group | |
| 522124743 | what does the light reaction not produce? | sugar | |
| 522124744 | what does the calvin cycle form? from what? | sugar from CO2, using ATP and NADPH | |
| 522124745 | What does the carbon cycle begin with? | carbon fixation, incorporationg CO2 into organic molecuels | |
| 522124746 | The calvin cycle can only make sugars with the help of what? | NADPH & ATP which are produced by the light reactions | |
| 522124747 | who is the light cycle named for? | Melvin Calvin | |
| 522124748 | Light energy is converted to chemical energy in the form of what? | NADPH & ATP | |
| 522124749 | define: carbon fixation | the initial corporation of carbon from CO2 into an organic compound by an autotrophic organism. | |
| 522124750 | When does the calvin cycle in most plants occur? | during daylight | |
| 522124751 | What are solar powdered chemical factories? | chloroplasts | |
| 522124752 | what do chlorplasts' thylakoids do? | transform light energy into the chemical energy of ATP and NADPH | |
| 522124753 | What is light? | electromagnetic radiation | |
| 522124754 | what does light travel in? | waves | |
| 522124755 | what determines the type of electromagnetic energy? | wavelength | |
| 522124756 | what are electromagnetic waves? | disturbances of electric and magnetic fields rahter than disturbances of a material medium | |
| 522124757 | what does wavelenght that is essential to life range from? | 360nm to 750nm this is visible light | |
| 522124758 | what does each photon have? | a fixed quantitity of energy | |
| 522124759 | What is the amount of energy in a photon inversely related to? | the wavelength of light; the shorter the wavelenght the greater the energy of each photon of light | |
| 522124760 | what drives photosynthesis? | visible light | |
| 522124761 | what are pigments? | substances that absorb visible light | |
| 522124762 | different pigments absorb? | different wavelengths | |
| 522124763 | what happens to wavelengths that are not absorbed? | they are reflected or transmitted | |
| 522124764 | Why do leaves appear green? | because chlorophyll reflects and transmits green light | |
| 522124765 | What does a spectrophotometer measure? | a pigments ability to absorb various wavelengths | |
| 522124766 | what is an absorption spectrum? | a graph plotting a pigment's light absorption versus wavelength | |
| 522124767 | what does the absorption spectrum of chlorophyll a suggest ? | violet-blue and red light work best for photosynthesis | |
| 522124768 | What does an action spectrum profile? | the relative effectiveness of different wavelenghts of radiation in driving a process. | |
| 522124769 | what can light perform work in chloroplasts? | only if it is abosrbed | |
| 522124770 | who first demonstrated the action spectrum? | Theodore W. Engelmann | |
| 522124771 | Why are leaves green? | because the chlorophylll molecules of chloroplast absorb violet-blue and red light and reflect or transmit green light | |
| 522124772 | what is the main photosynthetic pigment? | chlorophyll a | |
| 522124773 | What broadens the spectrum used for photosynthesis? | chlorophyll b | |
| 522124774 | What absorb excessive light that would damage chlorophyll? | carotenoids | |
| 522124775 | what are the 3 pigments in chlorophyll? | chlorophyll a, chlorophyll b, and carotenoids | |
| 522124776 | what is an example of a phytochemcal? | carotenoids | |
| 522124777 | what is in chlorophyll a? wht does this do | CH3 it couses teh pigments to aborb at different wavelengths in the red and blue parts of the spectrum | |
| 522124778 | what in chlorophyll b causes the pigments to absorb at different wavelengths in the red and blue parts of the spectrum? | CHO | |
| 522124779 | What happens when a pigment absorbs light? | it goes from a ground state to an excited state which is unstable | |
| 522124780 | What happens when excited electrons fall back to the ground? | the give off flourescence | |
| 522124781 | if illuminated, an isolated solution of chlorophyll will flourescence and do what? | give off light and heat | |
| 522124782 | What are the only photons absorbed? | those whose enrgy is exactly equal to the energy difference between the ground state and an excited state | |
| 522124783 | what does a photosystem consist of? | a reaction center complex surrounded by light harvesting complexes | |
| 522124784 | what do the light harvesting complexes transfer? | ther enrgy of photons to the reaction center | |
| 522124785 | what is an emergent property? | chlorophyll | |
| 524975400 | What accepts excited electron and is reduced as a result? | a primary electron acceptor | |
| 524975401 | What is the first step of light reactions? | solar-powered transfer of an electron from a chlorophyll a molecule to the primary electron acceptor | |
| 524975402 | How many photosystems are there in the thylakoid membrane? | 2 | |
| 524975403 | what is the first photosystem that occurs? | photosystem II | |
| 524975404 | What is photosystem II best at absorbing? | a wavelength at 680 nm | |
| 524975405 | What is the reaction center of chlorophyll a of PS II called? | P680 | |
| 524975406 | What is photosystem I best at absorbing? | wavelength of 700nm | |
| 524975407 | Why does isolated chlorophyll fluorescence? | because there is no electron accepter so it drops back to ground state. | |
| 524975408 | what are nearly identical chlorophyll a molecules? | P680 and P700 | |
| 524975409 | What are the 2 main products of the light reactions? | ATP & NADH | |
| 524975410 | What are the 2 possible light reactions for electron flow? | cyclic and linear | |
| 524975411 | What is linear electron flow? | the primary pathway, that involves both photosystems nd produces ATP and NADPH using light energy | |
| 524975412 | How do you make NADPH from NADP? | Add 2 electrons | |
| 524975413 | What happens to an excited electron from P680? | it is transferred to the primary electron acceptor P680+ | |
| 524975414 | What is the strongest oxidizing agent known? | P680+ | |
| 524975415 | what is released as a byproduct of photosytem II? | oxygen | |
| 524975416 | Each electron falls down an electron transport chain from the primary electron acceptor of ____________ to PS I? | PS II | |
| 524975417 | What drives the creation of a proton gradient across the thylakoid membrane? | energy released by the fall | |
| 524975418 | What drives ATP synthesis from PS II to PS I? | diffusion of H+ across the membrane | |
| 524975419 | what is the final electron acceptor of PS II? | PS I | |
| 524975420 | The electrons of NADPH are avilable for reations in what? | the calvin cycle | |
| 524975421 | What is the process of PS II to PS I an example of? | an exergonic fall of electrons to a lower energy level | |
| 524975422 | What happens as electrons pass through the cytochrome commples? | H+ are pumped into the thylakoid lumen | |
| 524975423 | What does not produce ATP? | the second electron transport chain in photosynthesis | |
| 524975424 | what does Cyclic electron flow use? what does it produce? what does it not produce? | uses only PS I, produces ATP, does not produced NADPH | |
| 524975425 | what is not released in cyclic electron flow? | oxygen | |
| 524975426 | Why does cyclic electron flow generate surplus ATP? | to satisfy the higher demand in the Calvin cycle | |
| 524975427 | why does cycle electron flow probably come before linear flow? | because it is more complex | |
| 524975428 | what is thought to have evolved first cyclic electron flow or linear electron flow? | cyclic electron flow | |
| 524975429 | what may protect cells from light-induced damage? | cyclic electron flow | |
| 524975430 | what is the process that uses membranes to couple redox reactions to ATP production? | chemosmosis | |
| 524975431 | what generates ATP by chemiosmosis? | chloroplasts and mitochondria | |
| 524975432 | Mitochondria transfers chemical energy from __________ to ______. | food to ATP | |
| 524975433 | Chloroplasts transform light energy into chemical energy of what? | ATP | |
| 524975434 | what are cytochromes? | iron containing proteins | |
| 524975435 | in chloroplasts what is the source of electrons? | water | |
| 524975436 | what serves as a resorvoir of hydrogen ions? | mitochondria | |
| 524975437 | where are protons pumped to the inter membrane space and drive ATP synthesis as they diffuse back into the mitochondrial matrix. | in mitochondria | |
| 524975438 | what happens in chloroplasts? | protons are pumped into the thylakoid space and drive ATP synthesis as they diffuse back into the stroma | |
| 524975439 | on what side of the stroma are ATP and NADPH produced? | on the side facing the stroma-- this is where the cycle takes place | |
| 524975440 | what increases the potential energy of electrons by moving them from H2O to NADPH? | light reactions | |
| 524975441 | what is the most abudant protein on the planet? | rubisco | |
| 524975442 | what does the calvin cycle regenerate? | its starting material after molecules enter and leave the cycle | |
| 524975443 | how does the calvin cycle build sugar? | from smaller molecules by using ATP and the reducing power of electrons carried by NADPH | |
| 524975444 | what does carbon enter the calvin cycle as? what does it leave as? | CO2 and leave as G3P | |
| 524975445 | In the calvin cycle for net synthesis of 1 G3P what must happen? | the cycle must take place 3 times, fixing 3 molecules of CO2 | |
| 524975446 | what are the 3 phases of the calvin cycle? | carbon fixation reduction regeneration of the CO2 acceptor | |
| 524975447 | what is found in glycolysis? | G3P | |
| 524975448 | what does not require energy and is catalyzed by rubisco? | carbon fixation | |
| 524975449 | For every 3 molecules of CO2 that enter the calvin cycle what is produced? | 6 molecules of G3P | |
| 524975450 | FOr the net synthesis of one G3P molecule what happens in the calvin cycle? | the calvin cycle consumes 9 molecules of ATP and 6 molecules of NADPH | |
| 524975451 | what cant make sugar from CO2? | the light reactions and the calvin cycle | |
| 524975452 | what is an emergent property of intact chloroplast? | photosynthesis | |
| 524975453 | what do plants do on hot dry days? | plants close their stomata which conserves water but also limits photosynthesis | |
| 524975454 | What reduces access to CO2 and causes O2 to build up in plants? | the closing of a plants stomata | |
| 524975455 | how does the CO2 required for photosynthesis enter a leaf? | via stomata | |
| 524975456 | what happens in photorespiration? | rubisco adds O2 instead of CO2 in the calvin cycle | |
| 524975457 | what does photorespiration consume? what does it release? | O2 and releases CO2 without producing ATP or sugar | |
| 524975458 | what does photorespiration limit? | damaging products of light reactions that build up in the absence of the calvin cycle | |
| 524975459 | why is photorespiration a problem in plants? | because on a hot dry day it can drain as much as 50% of the carbon fixed by the Calvin cycle | |
| 524975460 | what process in plants consumes ATP? | photorespiration | |
| 524975461 | what is an enzyme that is present only in mesophyll cells? | PEP carboxylase | |
| 524975462 | what does photorespiration try to neutralize? | the damaging products of the light reactions which buildup when low CO2 limits the calvin cycle | |
| 524975463 | how do c4 plants minimize the cost of photorespiration? what does this require? | by incorporating CO2 into four carbon compounds in mesophyll cells which requires PEP carboxylase | |
| 524975464 | what do c4 plants contain? | bundle sheath and mesophyll cells | |
| 524975465 | what are arranged into tightly packed sheaths around the veins of the leaf? | bundle sheaths | |
| 524975466 | what cycle is confined to the chloroplasts of the bundle sheath cells? | calvin cycle | |
| 524975467 | in C3 plants the binding of oxygen rather than carbon dioxide leads to what? | photorespiration-- lowering the efficiency of photosynthesis | |
| 524975468 | what do some plants use to fix carbon? | CAM | |
| 524975469 | what do cam plants do at night? | open their stomata, and close it at night | |
| 524975470 | what is the difference between CAM and C4 plants? | in CAM plants the two steps occur at different times but within the same cell | |
| 524975471 | what is the most abundant molecule in the plant? | cellulose | |
| 524975472 | what are the only autotrophic parts of plants? | green cells | |
| 524975473 | what do plants store excess sugar as? | starch | |
| 524975474 | what produces the O2 of our atmosphere? | photosynthesis | |
| 524975475 | what are carried out by molecules in the thylakoid membranes? | light reactions | |
| 524975476 | what takes place in the stroma? | the calvin cycle |