(B2) BC1 Biotechnology Flashcards
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| 459467501 | How many base pairs are in the human genome? | 3 Billion | |
| 459467502 | How many genes are in the human genome? | 20,000-25,000 | |
| 459467503 | What are some important achievements leading to modern molecular biology? | Restriction Endonucleases, Cloning of DNA, Creation of Synthetic Probes, PCR | |
| 459467504 | What are Restriction Enzymes? | Endonucleases that cleave specific DNA sequences | |
| 459467505 | What are characteristics of sequences cleaved by Restriction Enzymes? | They are usually short and palindromes | |
| 459467506 | How are Palindromes read? | 5' --> 3' | |
| 459467507 | What is an easy to tell if a sequence is a palindrome? | If it would bind on itself when folded in half | |
| 459467508 | What are the two possible results of Restriction enzymes? | Sticky and Blunt | |
| 459467509 | Why is it important for the 3'OH and the 5'Phosphate to remain after cleavage? | Ligation | |
| 459467510 | What are Restriction Enzymes named for? | The organism they were derived from | |
| 459467511 | What is a restriction site? | A DNA Sequence that can be cleaved by a restriction enzyme | |
| 459467512 | What is recombinant DNA? | Fragments of DNA pasted together for hybrid molecules | |
| 459467513 | Where is the Restricton Fragment inserted in DNA cloning? | The Cloning Vector | |
| 459467514 | Where must Cloning Vectors be replicated? | Inside Host Cells | |
| 459467515 | What are Vectors? | Molecules of DNA that can accept fragments of foreign DNA | |
| 459467516 | What are the requirements for DNA Cloning vectors? | Must be capable of autonomus replication, must carry at least one restriction site to insert foreign DNA, must carry one gene for selection | |
| 459467517 | What is the most common vector? | Prokaryote Plasmids | |
| 459467518 | What are the contents of Genomic DNA Libraries? | All sequences in the genome (coding regions as well as introns) | |
| 459467519 | What is the beginning molecule of cDNA libraries? | mRNA | |
| 459467520 | What happens to the beginning mRNA in cDNA Libraries? | It is reverse transcribed | |
| 459467521 | What happens to the DNA of cDNA Libraries after it is transcribed? | It is ligated into a vector and cloned | |
| 459467522 | What is the benefit of cDNA Libraries? | Allows one to see what genes are expressed in a particular cell | |
| 459467523 | What is the purpose of DNA Sequencing? | To determine the exact sequence of cloned DNA | |
| 459467524 | What are the materials in DNA Sequencing? | Single stranded template, dNTPs, Primer and Polymerase | |
| 459467525 | What is the process for DNA Sequencing? | Divide materials into four tubes, add specific dideoxyribonucleotides and gel electrophoresis | |
| 459467526 | What is the function of Probes? | To identify DNA fragments | |
| 459467527 | What happens in DNA Probing? | Single Stranded DNA is labeled and hybridized to a complementary ssDNA | |
| 459467528 | What is Hybridization in Probing? | The Target DNA must be made single stranded | |
| 459467529 | What prevents the target DNA from reannealing in probing? | A solid support (nitrocellulose membrane) | |
| 459467530 | What is Southern Blotting? | Analysis of DNA by isolation and subjection to restriction digestion that is then electrophoresed, Denatured and blotted. The blot is then probed | |
| 459467531 | What is different about Northern Blotting from Southern Blotting? | Uses mRNA, the probe must be complementary, only detects expressed sequences | |
| 459467532 | What does a Western Blot use? | Protein | |
| 459467533 | How many nucleotides are different in non related humans? | 1/1500 | |
| 459467534 | What is the majority of the genome made of? | Various intervening sequences | |
| 459467535 | What are polymorphisms? | Genetic Variations in Non-Coding Regions | |
| 459467536 | When is a RFLP present? | If a genetic change creates or deletes a restriction site of has more or less of a type of repeated sequence | |
| 459467537 | What accounts form most of the genetic variation in humans? | Single Nucleotide Polymorphisms | |
| 459467538 | What is a Single Nucleotide Polymorphism? | When a single nucleotide change can create or abolish a restriction site | |
| 459467539 | What happens if a variable number of tandem repeats is cleaved on either side? | an RFLP is produced | |
| 459467540 | What is the difference between DNA cloning and PCR? | PCR takes place in a tube | |
| 459467541 | What is the first step in PCR? | Denature target DNA using heat | |
| 459467542 | What are the steps of PCR? | Denature, Anneal, Extend (x30) | |
| 459467543 | What is the temperature of DNA Denaturing? | 95C | |
| 459467544 | What is the temperature of DNA Annealing? | 55C | |
| 459467545 | What is the temperature of DNA Extension? | 72C | |
| 459467546 | What are the advantages of PCR? | Sensitivity, Speed, Blotting, Mutation Detection, Detection of Viruses, Forensics | |
| 459467547 | What are the Quantitative Techniques? | Northern, Western, Microarray, ELISA, and Proteomics, PCR | |
| 459467548 | What is Southern Blot used for? | DNA | |
| 459467549 | What is Northern Blot used for? | RNA | |
| 459467550 | What is Western Blot used for? | Protein | |
| 459467551 | What is ASO used for? | DNA | |
| 459467552 | What is Microarray used for? | RNA/cDNA | |
| 459467553 | What is ELISA used for? | Proteins/Antibodies | |
| 459467554 | What is Proteomics used for? | Proteins | |
| 459467555 | What is PCR used for? | DNA (RNA) | |
| 459467556 | Which techniques are Gels used in? | All but ASO, Microarray, ELISA | |
| 459467557 | What is the purpose of Southern Blot? | Detects DNA changes | |
| 459467558 | What is the purpose of Northern Blot? | Measures mRNA | |
| 459467559 | What is the purpose of Western Blot? | Measures Protein amounts | |
| 459467560 | What is the purpose of ASO? | Detects DNA changes | |
| 459467561 | What is the purpose of Microarray? | Measures many mRNA levels | |
| 459467562 | What is the purpose of ELISA? | Detects proteins/antigens or antibodies | |
| 459467563 | What is the purpose of proteomics? | Measures abundance, distribution, posttrans modifications, functions, and interactions of proteins | |
| 459467564 | What is the purpose of PCR? | Many applications | |
| 459467565 | What is the mutation in Sickle Cell? | Mutation in Beta Globin eliminates Restriction Site for MstII | |
| 459467566 | What is unique about the RFLP in the sickle cell mutation? | It can be used for Diagnosis | |
| 459467567 | What is the clinical diagnostic hallmark of CF? | Elevated Chloride Levels, leading to dehydration of Mucus in lungs and pancreas | |
| 459467568 | Why do false positives occur in ELISAs? | They're so sensitive | |
| 459467569 | What kind of tests are typically used for paternity? | PCR Tests |