AP Biology Chapter 14 Flashcards

577162350	Character	An observable heritable feature that may vary among individuals.
577162352	Trait	One of the two or more detectable variants in a genetic character.
577162355	True Breeding	Referring to organisms that produce offspring of the same variety over many generations of self-pollination.
577162357	Hybridization	In genetics, the mating, or crossing, of two true-breeding varieties.
577162359	P Generations	The true-breeding (homozygous) parent individuals from which F1 hybrid offspring are derived in studies of inheritance; P stands for "parental."
577162362	F1 Generations	The first filial, hybrid (heterozygous) offspring arising from a parental (P Generation) cross.
577162365	F2 Generation	The offspring resulting from interbreeding (of self pollination) of the hybrid F1 generation.
577162366	Alleles	Any of the alternative versions of a gene tha tmay produce distinguishable phenotype effects.
577162367	Dominant Allele	An allele that is fully expressed in the phenotype of a heterozygote.
577162368	Recessive Allele	An allele whose phenotype effect is not observed in a heterozygote.
577162369	Law of Segregation	Mendel's first law, stating that the two alleles in a pair segregate into different gametes during gamete formation.
577162370	Punnett Square	A diagram used in the study of inheritance to show the predicted genotype results of random fertilization in genetic crosses between individuals of known genotype.
577162371	Homozygous	Having two identical alleles for a given gene.
577162372	Heterozygous	Having two different alleles for a given gene.
577162373	Phenotype	The observable physical and physiological traits of an organism, which are determined by its genetic makeup.
577162374	Genotype	The genetic makeup, or set of alleles, of an organism.
577162375	Testcross	Breeding an organism of unknown genotype with a homozygous recessive individual to determine the unknown genotype. The ratio of phenotype in the offspring reveals the unknown genotype.
577162376	Monohybrids	An organism that is heterozygous with respect to a single gene of interest. All the offspring from a cross between parents homozygous for different alleles are monohybrids.
577162377	Monohybrid Cross	A cross between two organisms that are heterozygous for the character being followed.
577162378	Dihybrids	An organism that is heterozygous with respect to two genes of interest. All the offspring from a cross between parents doubly homozygous for different alleles are dihybrids.
577162379	Dihybrid Cross	A cross between two organims that are each heterozygous for both of the characters being followed.
577162380	Law of Independent Assortment	Mendel's second law, stating that each pair of alleles segregates independently of each other pair during gamete formation.
577162381	Multiplication Rule	A rule of probability stating that the probability of two or more independent events occurring together can be determined by multiplying their individual probabilities.
577162382	Addition Rule	A rule of probability stating that the probability of any one or two more mutually exclusive events occurring can be determined by adding individual probabilities.
577162383	Complete Dominance	The situation in which the phenotypes of the heterozygote and dominant homozygote are indistinguishable.
577162384	Incomplete Dominance	The situation in which the phenotype of heterozygotes is intermediate between the phenotype of individuals homozygous for either allele.
577162385	Codominance	The situation in which the phenotype of both alleles are exhibited in the heterozygote because both alleles affect the phenotype in separate, distinguishable ways.
577162386	Tay-Sachs Disease	A human genetic disease caused by a recessive allele for a dysfunctional enzyme, leading to accumulation of certain lipids in the brain.
577162387	Pleiotropy	The ability of a single gene to have multiple effects.
577162388	Epistasis	A type of gene interaction in which the phenotypic expression of one gene alters that of another independently inherited gene.
577162389	Quantitative Characters	A heritable feature that varies continuously over a range rather than in an either-or fashion.
577162390	Polygenic Inheritance	An additive effect of two or more genes on a single phenotype character.
577162391	Norm of Reaction	The range of phenotypes produced by a single genotype, due to environmental influences.
577162392	Multifactorial	Referring to a phenotypic character that is influenced by multiple genes and environmental factors.
577162393	Pedigree	A diagram of a family tree with conventional symbols showing the occurrence of heritable characters in parents and offspring over multiple generations.
577162394	Carriers	In genetics, an individual who is heterozygous at a given genetic locus for a recessively inheritable disorder.
577162395	Cystic Fibrosis	A human genetic disorder caused by a recessive allele for a chloride channel protein; characterized by an excessive secretion of mucous and consequent vulnerability to infection.
577162396	Sickle-Cell Disease	A recessively inherited human blood disorder in which a single nucleotide change int the B-globin gene causes hemoglobin to aggregate, changing red blood cell shape and causing multiple symptoms to afflicted individuals.
577162397	Huntington's Disease	A human genetic disease caused by a dominant allele; characterized by uncontrollable body movements and degeneration of the nervous system.
577162398	Amniocentesis	A technique associated with prenatal diagnosis in which amniotic fluid is obtained by aspiration from a needle inserted into the uterus. The fluid and the fetal cells it contains are analyzed to detect certain genetic and congenital defects in the fetus.
577162399	Chorionic Villus Sampling (CVS)	A technique associated with prenatal diagnosis in which a small sample of the fetal portion of the placenta is removed for a analysis to detect certain genetic and congenital defects in the fetus.