AP Bio Campbell 7e Chapter 12 Flashcards

Key terms/ideas

578108644	cell division	reproduction of cells
578108645	cell cycle	life of a cell from the time it first forms to its own division
578108646	genome	cell's endowment of DNA in prokaryotes: long DNA molecule
578108647	chromosomes	what DNA is packaged into each eukaryote has its own characteristic number
578108648	somatic cells	all body cells humans have 46 in the nucleus
578108649	gametes	reproductive cells half as many chromosomes
578108650	chromatin	complex of DNA long and complicated; needs to be condensed
578108651	sister chromatids	have identical DNA each chromosome has 2 attached by adhesive proteins
578108652	centromere	attaches two sister chromatids together
578108653	mitosis	division of the nucleus PMAT
578108654	cytokinesis	division of the cytoplasm
578108655	meiosis	yields non-identical daughter cells with half the number of chromosomes as parent cell
578108656	mitotic (M) phase	includes mitosis and cytokinesis shortest part of the cell cycle
578108657	interphase	longest phase (90% of the cycle) includes G1, S, and G2 cell prepares itself for division
578108659	S	cell duplicates its chromosomes
578108660	G2	cell duplicates proteins and organelles prepares to divide
578108661	mitotic spindle	mitosis depends on this begins to form in the cytoplasm during prophase consists of microtubules, centrosomes, and asters
578108662	centrosome	where the mitotic spindle starts to assemble organizes microtubules
578108663	aster	array of short microtubules at each pole of the dividing cell
578108664	kinetochore	a structure of proteins attached to sister chromosomes spindle microtubules extend to them during metaphase
578108665	metaphase plate	where chromosomes line up during metaphase
578108666	cleavage furrow	during cytokinesis groove, indent on cell surface near the metaphase plate
578108667	cell plate	in plant cells microtubules line the middle of the cell when is fully formed, cell division is complete
578108668	binary fission	how prokaryotes divide have one long strand of DNA to divide
578108669	origin of replication	location on the chromosome where DNA begins to replicate in prokaryotes
578108670	cell cycle control system	set of molecules that trigger and organize cell cycle
578108671	checkpoint	critical point where signals regulate the cycle from transduction pathways if doesn't pass, can't continue dividing
578108672	G0	non dividing state nerve and muscle cells most cells are like this
578108673	CDKs	cyclin dependent kinases activity rises and falls with the concentration of cyclin cyclin activates it
578108674	cyclin	concentration fluctuates in the cell activates CDKs highest concentration during interphase, then drops during mitosis
578108675	MPF	metaphase promoting factor first CDK discovered destroys cyclin in anaphase
578108676	growth factor	protein that stimulates cell division
578108677	density dependent inhibition	when too crowded, cells stop dividing
578108678	anchorage dependence	must be attached to a substrate in order to divide
578108679	transformation	normal cell turns into a cancer cell
578108680	malignant tumor	cancer spreads to one or more organs
578108681	metastasis	cancer is spread to different locations through the blood stream
578140426	G1	cell grows
578140427	prophase	chromatin fibers become tightly coiled each duplicated chromosome appears as sister chromatids mitotic spindle begins to form centrosomes move away from each other
578140428	prometaphase	microtubules reach towards chromosomes from the centromeres
578140429	metaphase	longest stage of mitosis centrosomes at opposite ends of the cell chromosomes go to metaphase plate kinetochore spindles attach to sister chromatid kinetochores
578140430	anaphase	shortest stage of mitosis two sister chromatids are pulled away from each other cell elongates
578140431	telophase	two daughter nuclei begin to form in the cell chromosomes become less condensed nuclear envelop begins to reform
578140432	cytokinesis	cytoplasm finishes dividing