Chapter 11 - Cell Communication Flashcards
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| 242856382 | Signal transduction pathway | A mechanism linking a mechanical or chemical stimulus to a specific cellular response. | |
| 242856383 | Adenylyl cyclase | An enzyme that converts ATP to cyclic AMP in response to a chemical/extracelluar signal | |
| 242856384 | Calmodulin | intracellular protein to which calcium binds in its function as second messenger in hormone action | |
| 242856385 | Cholera | An intestinal infection caused by ingestion of contaminated water. It produces a toxin which binds to a G-protein and prevents GTP from turning into GDP, therefore remaining active causing cAMP to remain active. The result is the intestine secreting water and salt = profuse diarrhea | |
| 242856386 | Cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP) | Regulatory protein that directly stimulates gene expression | |
| 242856387 | Diacylglycerol (DAG) | Second messenger produced by cleavage of a certain kind of phospholipid in the plasma membrane | |
| 242856388 | Dimer | When receptor proteins come together to recieve ligands as one | |
| 242856389 | GDP | Guanine Diphosphate. When bound to a G-protein, it is inactive. | |
| 242856390 | G-protein | Protein loosely attached to the cytoplasmic side of the membrane, functions as a switch that is on or off, depending on which of two guanine nucleotides is attached, GDP(inactive) or GTP(active). | |
| 242856391 | G-protein linked receptor | A signal receptor protein in the plasma membrane that responds to the binding signal molecule by activating a G Protein | |
| 242856392 | GTP | Guanine triphosphate. When bound to a G-protein, it is active. | |
| 242856393 | GTPase | enzymatic activity by the g-protein allows pathway to shut down when the extracelluar signal molecule is no longer present | |
| 242856394 | Hormones | Chemical agents used for long distance signaling | |
| 242856395 | Inositol triphosphate (IP3) | Second messenger produced by cleavage of a certain kind of phospholipid in the plasma membrane. Stimulates release of calcium from the ER. | |
| 242856396 | Ligand | Small molecule that binds specifically to another molecule, usually a larger one. | |
| 242856397 | Ligand-gated ion channel | Protein pores in the plasma membrane that open/close in response to a chemical signal, allowing/blocking the flow of specific ions (ex. Na+/ Ca^2+) | |
| 242856398 | Local regulator | A substance that influences cells in the vicinity | |
| 242856399 | Neurotransmitter | a chemical messenger that travels across the synapse from one neuron to the next | |
| 242856400 | Neuron | nerve cell that is specialized to conduct nerve impulses | |
| 242856401 | Paracrine signaling | A secreting cell acts on nearby target cells by discharging moles of a local regulator into the extracelluar fluid | |
| 242856402 | Protein kinase | The general name for an enzyme that transfers phosphate groups from ATP to a protein | |
| 242856403 | Protein phosphatase | enzymes that remove phosphate groups from proteins | |
| 242856404 | Protein phosphorylation | The covalent addition of phosphate group to a side chain of a protein catalyzed by a protein kinase. phosphorylation usually alters the activity or properties of the protein in some way. | |
| 242856405 | Reception | Target cell's detection of a signal coming from outside the cell | |
| 242856406 | Response | 3rd stage of cell signaling, signal finally triggers a cell response | |
| 242856407 | Scaffolding protein | Large relay proteins to which several other relay proteins are simultaneously attached | |
| 242856408 | Second messengers | A small, nonprotein, water-soluble molecule or ion, such as calcium ion or cyclic AMP, that relays a signal to a cell's interior in response to a signal received by a signal receptor protein. | |
| 242856409 | Signal amplification | Enzyme cascades amp the cell's response to a signal. At each step in the cascade, the number of activated products is much greater than the prev step | |
| 242856410 | Synapse | the junction between two neurons (axon-to-dendrite) or between a neuron and a muscle | |
| 242856411 | Transcription factors | Proteins that control which genes are transcribed into mRNA | |
| 242856412 | Transduction | 2nd stage of cell signaling, binding of the signal molecule changed the receptor protein in some way | |
| 242856413 | Tyrosine kinase | An enzyme that catalyzes the transfer of phosphate groups to ATP to the amino acid tyrosine on a substrate protein | |
| 242856414 | Tyrosine-kinase receptors | Membrane receptors that attach phosphates to protein tyrosines |