AP Biology Semester 1 Flashcards

607701431	Bioenergetics	the study of how organisms manage their energy resources
607701432	metabolism	the sum of an organism's chemical reactions -the chemistry of life is organized into metabolic pathways and these pathways alter molecules (catabolic/anabolic)
607701433	catabolic	release energy stored in complex molecules by breaking htem down into simpler ex: cell respiration
607701434	anabolic	requires/consumes energy to combine simpler molecules into more complicated ex: protein synthesis from amino acids, photosynthesis
607701435	energy	the capacity to cause change and is measured in Joules, calories
607701436	thermodynamics	study of energy transformations law 1: energy can't be created or destroyed by is transferred and transformed between matter law 2: energy transfor causes more disorder in the universe (entropy)
607701437	entropy	a quantity used as a measurement of heat (kinetic energy)
607701438	free energy	the portion of a system's energy that is able to perform work (available energy) G - measure of instability of system - more free energy, more unstable
607701439	enthalpy	total energy
607701440	ATP	structure in a nucleotide consisting of adenine, ribose, chain of 3 phosphate groups (adenosine triphosphate)
607701441	energy coupling	using exergonic processes to power endergonic
607701442	phosphorylated	a phosphate group is transferred from ATP to some other molecule in order to make the second molecule less stable (ADP)
607701443	enzyme	a protein catalyst that changes the reaction rate without being consumed by the reaction, allows substrate to reach transition state and provides environment so substrate can change -lowers activation energy so speeds up reaction
607701444	substrate	an enzyme's reactant that fits into the active site
607701445	active site	the pocket on the enzyme's surface that is complimentary shaped for the substartae so the substrate can attach through weak chemical bonds (tertiary structure)
607701446	induced fit	confirmational change in shape, enzyme molds around substrate like a handshake
607701447	cofactors	inorganic element (ex: iron, mg in polymerase, trace elements) small elements that bind permanently or reversibly with enzymes and are needed for enzyme catalytic function and structure
607701448	coenzymes	large, organic, used to make most vitamins
607701449	competitive inhibitors	compete with the substrate for the last active site (ex: hemoglobin and carbon monoxide)
607701450	noncompetitive inhibitors	bind to another part of the enzyme and change its formation ex: flea medication and disables ability to make chitin/exoskeleton
607701451	allosteric regulation	binding to a site separate from the active site and either inhibit or activate the enzyme
607701452	cooperativity	how the induced fit binding of a substrate and a subunit change the conformation so the subunit's active sites are more active
607701453	macromolecules	giant molecules formed from smaller molecules usually by condensation reaction (carboyhydrates, lipids, proteins, nucleic acids)
607701454	polymer	long molecule made up of many covalent bonds holding together similar or identical building blocks or monomers
607701455	monosaccharides	sugar monomers (glucose, fructose)
607701456	disaccharide	sugar dimers -sucrose (glu+fru) -maltose (glu+glu) -lactose (glu+gala)
607701457	glycosidic linkage	is a covalent bond with 2 monosaccharides by a dehydration reaction (ex: to glucose molecules to form maltose)
607701458	polysaccharide	carbohydrate polymers (starch) amylose, glycogen, cellulose, chitin
607701459	Lipids	have carbon, hydrogen, oxygen (triglyceride, fatty acids, phospholipid, steroid)
607701460	amino acid	organic molecule with carboxyl and amino groups and a variable (R) group
607701461	primary structure	order of amino acids determined by genetic info
607701462	secondary structure	alpha helix - coil by hydrogen bonding beta pleated sheet - core of globular proteins
607701463	tertiary structure	overall polypeptide shape from R group interactiosn, hydrophobic interactions, disulfide bridges
607701464	quaternary structure	protein structure from polypeptide subunits
607701465	antiparallel	DNA strands because the opposite sugar phosphate arrangement in the double helix and the strands are parallel with one going 5' 3' and the other 3' 5'
607701466	anaerobic	partial degredation of sugars in the absence of oxygen (early bacteria) ex: fermentation
607701467	aerobic	uses oxygen as a reactant to complete the breakdwon of organic molecules ex: cell respiration
607701468	redox reactions	reactions that result in the transfer of one or more electrons from one reactant to another (OIL RIG) - loss of electrons is oxidation, electron recipient is oxidizing agent - addition of electrons is reduction, and electron donor is reducing agent cell respiration example of redox reaction
607701469	glycolysis	breaking glucose into two molecules of pyruvate occurs in cytosol
607701470	Krebs/ citric acid cycle	degrades pyruvate to carbon dioxide occurs in mitochondrial matrix
607701471	electron transport chain	the e- movement from cytochrom to another until they combine with oxygen and hydrogen ions to form water in inner membrane of mitochondria (cristae)
607701472	oxidative phosphorylation	production of ATP using energy derived from redox reactions of an ETS, whre electrons are passed to inner membrane of mitochondria ETS produces almost 90% of ATP
607701473	substrate-level phosphorylation	enzyme transfers a phosphate group from an organic molecule (substrate) to ADP forming ATP -occurs in glycolysis and krebs
607701474	stroma	opening so CO2 can go into the leaves and O2 can go out and water leaks out (transpiration) fewer stroma in cactus