Campbell Biology Chap 7 8 9 10 Flashcards

Campbell Biology - Questions from Chapters 7-10 - JCCC Steve Giambrone - Principles of Cell and microbiology

613818350	Of the following, which occurs during the Calvin cycle?	ATP is hydrolyzed and NADPH is oxidized.
613818351	The Calvin cycle occurs in the _____.	Stroma.
613818352	Most CO2 from catabolism is released during?	The citric acid cycle.
613818353	Which of the following is a correct description of the events of cellular respiration and teh sequence of events in cellular respiration?	oxidation of glucose to pyruvate; oxidation of pyruvate; oxidation of acetyl-CoA; oxidative phosphorylation
613818354	What environmental changes can affect the rate of an enzyme reaction?	pH; substrate concentration; heating or cooling of the enzyme
613818355	Fermentation is essentially glycolysis plus an extra step in which pyruvate is reduced from lactate or alcohol and carbon dioxide. This last step ______.	enables the cell to recycle the reduced NADH to oxidized NAD+
613818356	Is the following statement true or false: All cells have an equilibrium potential, a difference in electrical charges across their plasma membrane.	False, the difference in electrical charge is membrane potential.
613818357	Is the following statement about enzymes true or false: The action of competitive inhibitors may be reversible or irreversible.	True
613818358	In an experiment, mice were fed glucose (C6H12O6) containing a small amount of radioactive oxygen. The mice were closely monitored, and after a few minutes radioactive oxygen atoms showed up in _____.	Carbon dioxide.
613818359	Above a certain substrate concentration, the rate of an enzyme catalyzed reaction drops as the enzymes become saturated. What would lead to a faster conversation of substrate into product under these saturated conditions?	an increase in concentration of enzyme and/or an increase of temperature by a few degrees.
613818360	The formation of glucose-6-phosphate from glucose is an endergonic reaction and is couple to what reaction or pathway?	The hydrolysis of ATP
613818361	What process and organelle accounts for the replacement of lipids and proteins lost from the plasma membrane?	exocytosis and the smooth and rough ERs
613818362	A photon of what color would carry the most energy?	blue
613818363	Most cells cannot harness heat to perform work because?	temperature is usually uniform throughout the cell.
613818364	The energy given up by electrons as they move through the electron transport chain is used in what process?	pumping H+ across a membrane
613818365	What is the range of wavelengths of light that are absorbed by the pigments in the thylakoid membranes?	blue-violet and red-orange
613818366	If an enzyme is added to a solution where its substrate and product are in equilibrium, what will occur?	Nothing; the reaction will stay at equilibrium.
613818367	Where do electrons entering the photosystem II come from?	water
613818368	True or False: Carbon Dioxide can freely diffuse across the plasma membrane?	True
613818369	In brewing beer, malatose (a disaccharide of glucose) is ______.	the substrate for alcoholic fermentation
613818370	What kind of molecule would be least likely to diffuse through a plasma membrane without the help of a transport protein?	a large polar molecule
613818371	True or False: The sodium potassium pump hydrolyzes ATP and results in a net charge of +1 inside the cell.	False.
613818372	True or False: Facilitated diffusion is a passive process.	True.
613818373	Which part of the equation DeltaG = DeltaH=TDeltaS tells you if a process is spontaneous?	DeltaG
613818374	What about energy is changed in the presence of an enzyme in a reaction?	the activation energy.
613818375	The active site of an enzyme may resemble a groove or pocket in the surface of a protein into which the _______ fits.	substrate.
613818376	What is an example of cellular work accomplished with the free energy derived from the hydrolysis of ATP, involved in the production of electrochemical gradients?	proton movement against a gradient of protons
613818377	Enzymes speed up the rate of the reaction without changing the ________ for the reaction.	DeltaG or Free Energy
613818378	What describes the electron transport chain?	Electrons are passed from one carrier to another releasing a little energy at each step.
613818379	In the overall process of glycolysis and cellular respiration, ______ is oxidized and _____ is reduced.	glucose is oxidized and oxygen is reduced
613818380	The function of cellular respiration is to _______.	extract usable energy from glucose
613818381	When one molecule is broken down into six component molecules, what will always be true?	DeltaS is positive.
613818382	Green olives may be preserved in brine, which is a 30% salt solution. How does this method of preservation prevent microorganisms from growing in the olives?	The 30% salt solution is hypertonic to the bacteria, so they lose too much water and plasmolyze
613818383	Where to the reactions of glycolysis occur in a eukaryotic cell?	the cytosol
613818384	What metabolic pathway is the only pathway found in all organisms?	glycolysis
613818385	During the reaction C6H12O6 + 6 O2 = 6 CO2 + 6 H2O, which compound is reduced as a result of the reaction.	oxygen
613818386	In the Calvin cycle, CO2 is combined with _______.	a 5-carbon compound to form an unstable 6-carbon compound, which decomposes into two 3-carbon compounds.
613818387	Consider the transport of protons and sucrose into a plant cell by the sucrose-proton cotransport protein. Plant cells continuously produce a proton gradient by using the energy of ATP hydrolysis to pump protons out fo the cell. Why, in the absence of sucrose, don't protons move back into the cell through the sucrose-proton cotransport protein?	The movement of protons through the cotransport protein cannot occur unless sucrose also moves at the same time.
613818388	_______, but not _______ can nourish themselves beginning with CO2 and other nutrients that are inorganic.	Autotrophs.... Heterotrophs
613818389	How does carbon dioxide enter a leaf?	through the stomata
613818390	If, during a process, the system becomes more ordered, then_____.	DeltaS is negative
613818391	Why is no carbon dioxide produced during glycolysis?	The products of glycolysis contain the same total number of carbon atoms as in the starting material.
613818392	How do enzymes lower activation energy?	by locally concentrating the reactants
613818393	Metabolic pathways in cells are typically far from equilibrium. What processes tend to lead to keep these pathways away from equilibrium?	an input of free energy from the outside pathway and the continuous removal of the products of a pathway to be used in other reactions.
613818394	If a red blood cell and a plant blood cell were placed in seawater, what would happen to the two types of cells?	Both cells would lose water; the red blood cell would shrive, and the plant plasma membrane would pull away from the cell wall.
613818395	What is one of the roles of phospholipids in the structure and function of biological membranes?	Phospholipids form a selectively permeable structure.
613818396	Chlorophyll molecules are in which part of the chloroplast?	thylakoid membranes
613818397	What is a good description for heat as it relates to biological reactions?	An increase in heat increases the kinetic energy of the substrates and increases the rate of enzyme-catalyzed reactions
613818398	What cell structure exhibits selective permeability between a cell and its external environment?	the plasma membrane
613818399	What metabolic pathway is common to both fermentation and cellular respiration of a glucose molecule?	glycolysis
613818400	Which part of the catabolism of glucose by cellular respiration requires molecular oxygen (O2) and produces CO2?	a combination of the citric acid cycle and electron transport
613818401	CO2 is reduced in the _______.	Calvin cycle
613818402	During photosynthesis in chloroplasts, O2 is produced from _____ via a series of reactions associated with _______	H2O.... photosystem II
613818403	What is a function of membrane proteins that also facilitates tissue formation during embryogenesis?	Membrane proteins with short sugar chains form identification tags that are recognized by other cells.
613818404	What condition would tend to create greater membrane fluidity?	a greater portion of unsaturated phospholipids
613818405	Where to the reactions of the citric acid cycle occur in a eukaryotic cell?	the matrix of the mitochondrion
613818406	True or False: Enzymes can change the equilibrium point of reactions, but they cannot speed up reactions because they cannot change the net energy output.	False.
613818407	Enzymes can lower the ____________ of reactions, but they cannot change the ______________.	activation energy ....... net energy output.
613818408	In general, the hydrolysis of ATP drives cellular work by _______.	releasing free energy that can be coupled to other reactions.
613818409	Catabolism is to anabolism as _________ is to ___________.	exergonic.... endergonic
613818410	Schwann cells make up the _________.	myelin sheath in the PNS
613818411	When a poison such as cyanide blocks the electron transport chain, glycolysis and the citric acid cycle also eventually stop working. Why?	NAD+ and FAD are not available for glycolysis and the citric acid cycle to continue.
613818412	What is the source of the energy that produces the chemiosmotic gradient in mitochondria?	electrons moving down the electron transport chain
613818413	When solid tumors of animals reach a certain size, the center of the tumor begins to die. To prevent this, the tumor can recruit new blood vessels. What purpose does the recruitment of blood vessels to growing tumors serve?	It supplies oxygen for aerobic cellular respiration and glucose to the rapidly dividing cells
613818414	The internal solute concentration of a plant cell is about 0.8 M. To demonstrate plasmolysis, it would be necessary to suspend the cell in what solution?	1.0 M or any solution that is hypertonic to the plant cell
613818415	Both mitochondria and chloroplasts _______.	use chemiosmosis to produce ATP
613818416	The plasma membrane is referred to as the "fluid mosaic" structure. What do the words "fluid" and "mosaic" refer to?	The fluid aspect of the membrane is due to the lateral and rotational movement of the phospholipids, and the embedded proteins account for the mosaic aspect.
613818417	Passive transport permits the solute to move in either direction, but the net movement of the population of the solute occurs ________ of the molecule.	down the concentration gradient
613818418	The energy used to produce ATP in the light reactions of photosynthesis comes from _______.	The movement of H+ through a membrane
613818419	How is photosynthesis similar in C4 plants and CAM plants?	In both cases, rubisco is not used to fix carbon initially.
613818420	What accompanies the conversion of pyruvate to acetyl CoA before the citric acid cycle?	The release of CO2 and the synthesis of NADH
613818421	During aerobic respiration, molecular oxygen (O2) is used for what purpose?	at the end of the electron transport chain to accept electrons and form water
613818422	What is the role of NADP+ in photosynthesis?	It is reduced and then carries electrons to the Calvin cycle
613818423	The concentration of solutes in a red blood cell is about 2%, but red blood cells contain almost no sucrose or urea. Sucrose cannot pass through the membrane, but water and urea can. Osmosis would cause red blood cells to shrink the most when immersed in what kind of a sucrose solution?	a hypertonic solution
613818424	During respiration in the eukaryotic cells, the electron transport chain is located in or on the ______.	inner membrane of the mitochondrion
613818425	Where in the plasma membrane would cholesterol most likely be found?	in the interior of the membrane
613818426	In what way to membranes of a eukaryotic cell vary?	Certain proteins are unique to each membrane.
613818427	What is the difference between active transport and facilitated diffusion?	Active transport requires energy from ATP, and facilitated diffusion does not.
613818428	molecular oxygen is produced during ______.	noncyclic electron flow during the light reactions
613818429	During photosynthesis in a eukaryotic cell, an electrochemical gradient is formed across the _______.	thylakoid membrane
613818430	Where, relative to the cell, is the concentration of potassium much higher than the concentration of sodium while the cell is at resting potential?	Inside the cell
613818431	Where do the electrons entering photosystem II come from?	water
613818432	When is the asymmetrical distribution of membrane proteins, lipids, and carbohydrates across the plasma membrane determined?	as the membrane is being constructed
613818433	Muscle tissues make lactate from pyruvate to do what?	Regenerate NAD+ when oxygen is scarce
613818434	If muscle cells in the human body consume O2 faster than it can be supplied what is likely to result?	The muscle cells will have trouble making enough ATP, will not be able to carry out oxidative phosphorylation, and will consume glucose at an increased rate
613818435	What is the function of carbohydrates associated with the plasma membrane?	Membrane carbohydrates function primarily in cell-cell recognition.
613818436	What do the sign and magnitude of the DeltaG of a reaction tell us about the speed of the reaction?	Neither the sign or the magnitude of DeltaG have anything to do with the speed of the reaction. The speed of the reaction is determined by the activation energy barrier of the reaction and the temperature.