AP Bio Chapter 19 Campbell Flashcards

GHS Advanced Biology

467755698	Chromatin	the readily stainable substance of a cell nucleus consisting of DNA and RNA and various proteins
467755699	Nucleosome	bead-like structure in eukaryotic chromatin, composed of a short length of DNA wrapped around a core of histone proteins
467755700	heterochromatin	Nontranscribed eukaryotic chromatin that is so highly compacted that it is visible with a light microscope during interphase.
467755701	euchromatin	a region of DNA that is uncoiled and undergoing active transcription into RNA
467755702	cell differentiation	The structural and functional divergence of cells as they become specialized during a multicellular organism's development; dependent on the control of gene expression.
467755703	gene expression	conversion of the information encoded in a gene first into messenger RNA and then to a protein
467755704	histone acetylation	The attachment of acetyl groups to certain amino acids of histone proteins.
467755705	histone deacteylation	...
467755706	DNA methylation	The addition of methyl groups (—CH3) to bases of DNA after DNA synthesis; may serve as a long-term control of gene expression.
467755707	genomic imprinting	a phenomenon in which expression of an allele in offspring depends on whether the allele is inherited from the male or female parent
467755708	epigenetic inheritance	Inheritance of traits transmitted by mechanisms not directly involving the nucleotide sequence.
467755709	transcription factors	proteins that switch on genes by binding to DNA and helping the RNA polymerase to bind
467755710	enhancers	A DNA sequence that recognizes certain transcription factors that can stimulate transcription of nearby genes.
467755711	activators	chemicals that must bind for the enzyme to be active
467755712	repressors	A protein that suppresses the transcription of a gene.
467755713	post-transcriptional regulation	CHANGE mRNA SO THAT NO PROTEIN IS MADE or DIFFERENT VERSION IS MADE: Alternative Splicing, RNA editing (enzyme adds bases to mature RNA sequences), RNA stability (more/less stable, more/less protein, protein binding to AU rich elements within 3' UTR), RNAi (interference)
467755714	RNA interference	technique to silence the expression of selected genes in nonmammalian organisms; uses synthetic double-stranded RNA molecules matching the sequence of a particular gene to trigger the breakdown of the gene's messenger RNA
467755715	proteasomes	a giant protein complex that recognizes and destroys proteins tagged for elimination by the small protein ubiquitin
467755716	oncogene	a gene that causes normal cells to change into cancerous tumor cells
467755717	ras gene	This gene codes for Ras protein, a G protein that relays a growth signal from a growth-factor receptor on the plasma membrane to a cascade of protein kinases that ultimately results in the stimulation of the cell cycle. Many ras oncogenes have a point mutation that leads to a hyperactive version of the Ras protein that can lead to excessive cell division.
467755718	proto-oncogene	a gene that regulates normal cell division but that can become a cancer-causing oncogene as a result of mutation or recombination
467755719	tumor-suppressor gene	gene that codes for a protein that stops cell division in particular situations
467755720	p53 gene	The "guardian angel of the genome," p53 is expressed when a cell's DNA is damaged. Its product, p53 protein, functions as a transcription factor for several genes.
467755721	transposons	(jumping genes) short strands of DNA capable of moving from one location to another within a cell's genetic material
467755722	retrotransposons	Transposable elements that move within a genome by means of an RNA intermediate, a transcript of the retrotransposon DNA.
467755723	Alu elements	short stretch of DNA originally characterized by the action of the restriction endonuclease
467755724	multi-gene families	group of genes that encode related products
467755725	pseudogenes	genes that have become inactivated by mutations
467755726	transposable elements	sequences of DNA that move around the genome. They also carry enzymes to insert themselves in different parts of the DNA. They are useful because they add diversity to the genome.